Adam Kos Ukuthi sikhuluma nge-Apple, i-Samsung noma i-TSMC, sivame ukuzwa ngezinqubo okukhiqizwa ngazo ama-chip. Kuyindlela yokukhiqiza esetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-silicon chips enqunywa ukuthi i-transistor eyodwa incane kangakanani. Kodwa zisho ukuthini izinombolo zomuntu ngamunye?
Isibonelo, i-iPhone 13 iqukethe i-chip ye-A15 Bionic, ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-5nm futhi iqukethe ama-transistors ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-15. Kodwa-ke, i-chip ye-A14 Bionic yangaphambili nayo yenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo, nokho obuqukethe ama-transistors ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-11,8 kuphela. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabo, kukhona ne-M1 chip, equkethe ama-transistors angu-16 billion. Noma ama-chips kungowakwa-Apple, enzelwe wona yi-TSMC, engumkhiqizi omkhulu kunawo wonke okhethekile futhi ozimele we-semiconductor.
Igalari yezithombe
Inkampani yaseTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing
Le nkampani yasungulwa emuva ngo-1987. Ihlinzeka ngephothifoliyo ebanzi yezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingase zibe khona, kusukela ezinqubweni ze-micrometer zakudala kuya ezinqubweni ezithuthuke kakhulu ezifana ne-7nm enobuchwepheshe be-EUV noma inqubo ye-5nm. Kusukela ngo-2018, i-TSMC isiqalile ukusebenzisa i-lithography enkulu ekukhiqizeni ama-chips angu-7nm futhi iphindaphindeka kane umthamo wayo wokukhiqiza. Ngo-2020, isivele iqalile ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial yama-chips angu-5nm, anobukhulu obungama-7% uma kuqhathaniswa no-80nm, kodwa futhi nokusebenza okuphezulu okungu-15% noma ukusetshenziswa okuphansi okungu-30%.
Igalari yezithombe
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-serial kwama-chips angu-3nm kuzoqala engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka ozayo. Lesi sizukulwane sithembisa ukuminyana okuphezulu okungu-70% nokusebenza okuphezulu ngo-15%, noma ukusetshenziswa okuphansi okungu-30% kunenqubo ye-5nm. Kodwa-ke, umbuzo ukuthi i-Apple izokwazi yini ukuyisebenzisa ku-iPhone 14. Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-Czech ibika. I-Wikipedia, I-TSMC isivele ithuthukise ubuchwepheshe benqubo yokukhiqiza ye-1nm ngokubambisana nozakwethu ngabanye kanye namaqembu esayensi. Ingase ifike endaweni ethile ngo-2025. Kodwa-ke, uma sibheka umncintiswano, i-Intel ihlela ukwethula inqubo ye-3nm ngo-2023, kanye ne-Samsung ngonyaka olandelayo.
Kungaba njalo okuthakaselayo
Isisho 3 nm
Uma ungacabanga ukuthi i-3nm ibhekisela endaweni ethile yangempela ye-transistor, akunjalo. Empeleni nje igama lezentengiselwano noma lokumaketha elisetshenziswa embonini yokukhiqiza ama-chip ukuze libhekisele esizukulwaneni esisha, esithuthukisiwe sama-silicon semiconductor chips ngokuya ngobuningi be-transistor, isivinini esiphezulu kanye nokuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngamafuphi, kungashiwo ukuthi i-chip encane ikhiqizwa inqubo ye-nm, yesimanje, inamandla futhi isetshenziswa kancane.
