Isikhethi se-apula I-Apple Inc. yasungulwa ngo-1976, kwase kuba Apple Computer. Phakathi neminyaka engu-37, amadoda ayisikhombisa ashintshana, kusukela kuMichael Scott kuya kuTim Cook. Igama eligqame kakhulu ngokungangabazeki nguSteve Jobs, sekuphele iminyaka emibili esuka lapho eya endaweni yokuzingela yaphakade nje namuhla...
1977-1981: UMichael "Scotty" Scott
Njengoba engekho uSteve-umsunguli (Jobs noma Wozniak) owayeneminyaka noma isipiliyoni sokwakha inkampani yangempela, umtshali-zimali wokuqala omkhulu uMike Markkula waqinisekisa umqondisi wokukhiqiza e-National Semiconductors (inkampani manje engeka-Texas Instruments) uMichael Scott ukuba athathe lokhu. indima .
Lesi sikhundla wasithatha ngobuqotho lapho, ngemva nje kokufika kwakhe, evala ukusetshenziswa komshini wokubhala kuyo yonke inkampani, ukuze inkampani ibe isibonelo ezinsukwini zokuqala zokukhuthazwa kwama-computer omuntu siqu. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, u-Apple II odumile, ukhokho wawo wonke amakhompyutha omuntu njengoba siwazi namuhla, waqala ukukhiqizwa.
Kodwa-ke, akazange aqede umsebenzi wakhe e-Apple ejabule kakhulu lapho exosha abasebenzi be-Apple abangu-1981 ngo-40, kuhlanganise nengxenye yeqembu elisebenza ku-Apple II. Wasivikela lesi sinyathelo ngokungasebenzi kwabo emphakathini. Emhlanganweni olandelayo wabasebenzi mayelana nobhiya, uthe:
Ngike ngasho ukuthi uma sengikhathele ukuba yi-CEO yakwa-Apple, ngizokwehla esikhundleni. Kodwa sengiwushintshile umqondo wami - uma ngiyeka ukuzijabulisa, ngizoxosha abantu kuze kube mnandi futhi.
Ngalesi sitatimende, wehliselwe esikhundleni sokuba yiphini likamengameli, lapho ayengasenamandla khona. UScott uthathe umhlalaphansi ngokusemthethweni enkampanini ngoJulayi 10, 1981.
Phakathi kuka-1983 no-1988 wayephethe inkampani ezimele iStarstruck. Wayezama ukwakha irokhethi eyethulwe olwandle engafaka amasathelayithi ku-orbit.
Amagugu anemibala aba yinto kaScott yokuzilibazisa. Waba uchwepheshe kule ndaba, wabhala incwadi ngabo, futhi wahlanganisa iqoqo elabukiswa eBowers Museum eSanta Anna. Wasekela iphrojekthi ye-Rruff, okuhloswe ngayo ukudala isethi ephelele yedatha ye-spectral evela kumaminerali ayisici. Ngo-2012, i-mineral - scottyite - yaqanjwa ngaye.
1981-1983: U-Armas Clifford "Mike" Markkula Jr.
Inombolo yesisebenzi sesi-3 - uMike Markkula wanquma ukuboleka i-Apple ngo-1976 imali ayeyithole esitokweni njengomphathi wezokumaketha we-Fairchild Semiconductor ne-Intel.
Ngokuhamba kukaScott, izinkathazo ezintsha zikaMarkkula zaqala - uzomtholaphi umqondisi omkhulu olandelayo? Naye wayazi ukuthi akasifuni lesi sikhundla. Wahlala kulesi sikhundla okwesikhashana, kodwa ngo-1982 wathola ummese emphinjeni kumkakhe: "Zitholele ozongena esikhundleni sakho ngokushesha.” Njengoba uJobs, esola ukuthi akakakulungeli ukuba yi-CEO, baphendukela kuGerry Roche, "umzingeli ohlakaniphile". Waletha i-CEO entsha, u-Jobs ekuqaleni ayenomdlandla ngayo, kodwa kamuva wayizonda.
UMarkkula ushintshwa ngemuva kweminyaka engu-1997 engusihlalo webhodi ngemuva kokubuya kukaJobs ngo-12 futhi washiya i-Apple. Umsebenzi wakhe olandelayo uyaqhubeka ngokusungulwa kwe-Echelon Corporation, i-ACM Aviation, iSan Jose Jet Center kanye neRana Creek Habitat Restoration. Itshala imali kuCrowd Technologies kanye ne-RunRev.
Ubuye wasungula iMarkkula Centre for Applied Ethics eSanta Clara University, lapho angumqondisi khona njengamanje.
1983-1993: UJohn Sculley
"Ingabe ufuna ukuchitha impilo yakho yonke uthengisa amanzi ahlanzekile, noma ufuna ukushintsha umhlaba?" Lowo kwaba isigwebo esagcina sikholise inhloko yePepsiCo ukuthi ishintshele ku-Apple and Jobs. Bobabili babejabule ngomunye nomunye. Imisebenzi edlalwa ngemizwa: “Ngicabanga ukuthi uwena ngempela, ngifuna uhambe nami uzosisebenzela. Ngingafunda okuningi kuwena.” Futhi u-Sculley wancoma: “Ngaba nomuzwa wokuthi ngingaba uthisha kumfundi osezingeni eliphezulu. Ngambona esibukweni somcabango wami njengami ngisemncane. Nami ngangingenasineke, nginenkani, ngizidla futhi nginamawala. Ingqondo yami yayiqhuma yimicabango, ngokuvamile ilahlekelwa yiyo yonke enye into. Futhi angizange ngibabekezelele abehluleka ukufeza izimfuno zami.”
Inkinga yokuqala enkulu ekusebenzisaneni kwabo yafika lapho kwethulwa i-Macintosh. Ikhompyutha ekuqaleni bekufanele ishibhe ngempela, kodwa intengo yayo yakhuphukela kumadola ka-1995, okwakuwuphahla lweMisebenzi. Kodwa uSculley wanquma ukukhuphula inani libe ku-$2495. Imisebenzi yayikwazi ukulwa nakho konke ayekufuna, kodwa intengo ekhuphukile yahlala ifana. Futhi akazange avumelane nalokho. Impi elandelayo enkulu phakathi kuka-Sculley no-Jobs yayingaphezu kwesikhangiso sika-Macintosh (isikhangiso sika-1984), u-Jobs agcina eyinqobile futhi isikhangiso sakhe saqhutshwa emdlalweni webhola. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe-Macintosh, Imisebenzi yathola amandla amaningi kakhulu enkampanini naphezu kwe-Sculley. U-Sculley wayekholelwa ebunganeni babo, futhi uJobs, okungenzeka ukuthi wayekholelwa kulobo bungane, wamkhohlisa ngokuthopha.
Ngokuncipha kokuthengiswa kweMacintosh kwehle imisebenzi. Ngo-1985, isimo esibucayi phakathi kwakhe noSculley safinyelela phezulu, futhi Imisebenzi yasuswa esikhundleni sobuholi besigaba seMacintosh. Lokhu, vele, kwaba igalelo kuye, akubona njengokukhaphela ohlangothini lukaSculley. Okunye, kulokhu okwaba igalelo eliwujuqu, lapho ngo-May 1985 uSculley emazisa ukuthi wayemsusa esikhundleni sokuba usihlalo we-Apple. Ngakho uSculley wathatha inkampani kaJobs wahamba.
Ngaphansi kwenduku ka-Sculley, i-Apple ithuthukise i-PowerBook kanye ne-System 7, eyandulela i-Mac OS. Umagazini iMacAddict waze wabhekisela eminyakeni engu-1989-1991 ngokuthi "iminyaka yokuqala yegolide yeMacintosh". Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uSculley waqamba igama elithi PDA (Personal digital assistant); U-Apple ubize iNewton nge-PDA yokuqala eyayingaphambi kwesikhathi sayo. Ushiye i-Apple engxenyeni yesibili ka-1993 ngemuva kokwethula uguquko olubiza kakhulu nolungaphumelelanga - uhlelo olusebenzayo olusebenzisa i-microprocessor entsha, i-PowerPC. Uma ebheka emuva, uJobs uthe ukuxoshwa kwa-Apple kwakuyinto engcono kakhulu ebingenzeka kuye. Ngakho umthengisi wamanzi ahlanzekile wayengeyena ukukhetha okubi phela. UMichael Spindler ungene esikhundleni sakhe ekuphathweni kwe-Apple ngemuva kokuhamba kwakhe.
1993-1996: UMichael Spindler
UMichael Spindler wafika ku-Apple evela esigabeni saseYurophu se-Intel ngo-1980 futhi ngokusebenzisa izikhundla ezihlukahlukene (isibonelo, umongameli we-Apple Europe) wafinyelela esikhundleni somqondisi omkhulu ngemuva kukaJohn Sculley. Wayebizwa ngokuthi "Udizili" - wayemude futhi esebenza isikhathi eside. UMike Markkula, amazi ku-Intel, washo lokho ngaye ungomunye wabantu abahlakaniphe kakhulu abaziyo. Kwakungenxa yokugqugquzelwa kukaMarkkula ukuthi uSpindler kamuva wajoyina i-Apple futhi wayimela eYurophu.
Impumelelo yakhe enkulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyi-software ye-KanjiTalk, eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukubhala izinhlamvu zesiJapane. Lokhu kuqale ukuthengiswa kwamarokhethi eMacs eJapan.
Wawujabulela umkhakha waseYurophu, nakuba kwakuyisiqalo ayengakaze asisebenzele ngaphambili. Isibonelo, enye yezinkinga kwakuyizinkokhelo - uSpindler akazange akhokhelwe cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ngenxa yokuthi i-Apple yayingazi ukuthi izosusa kanjani izimali zisuka eCanada ziye eBelgium, lapho kwakukhona indlunkulu yaseYurophu. Waba yinhloko yeYurophu ngesikhathi sokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-Apple (ngaleso sikhathi Imisebenzi yayivele ingasekho). Bekuyisinqumo esiyinqaba ngoba uSpindler wayengusomaqhinga kodwa engumphathi omubi. Lokhu akuzange kuthinte ubuhlobo bakhe noSculley, baqhubeka behle kakhulu. UGaseé (isigaba se-Macintosh) kanye no-Loren (oyinhloko ye-Apple USA) nabo baqhudelana naye ngesikhundla esizayo sokuba umqondisi omkhulu kwa-Apple. Kepha zombili zasungulwa ngenxa yezinkinga zamamajini kuma-Mac amasha.
U-Spindler usijabulele isikhathi sakhe sodumo ngokwethulwa kolayini we-Power Macintosh wamakhompiyutha ngo-1994, kodwa ukusekela kwakhe umbono wokwenza i-Macintosh kubonakale kungalungile ku-Apple.
Njenge-CEO, uSpindler wenze inqwaba yokuhlela kabusha kwa-Apple. Wadiliza abasebenzi ababalelwa ku-2500, cishe amaphesenti ayi-15 abasebenzi, futhi wayilungisa ngokuphelele inkampani. Okuwukuphela kwento esele ye-Apple endala kwakungu-Applesoft, ithimba elibhekele ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusebenza. Uphinde wanquma ukuthi i-Apple kufanele isebenze ezimakethe ezimbalwa ezibalulekile kuphela futhi ingabi namabhizinisi kwenye indawo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayefuna ukugcina i-SoHo - imfundo nekhaya. Kodwa ukuhlelwa kabusha akuzange kuthele izithelo. Ukudilizwa kwabangela ukulahlekelwa kwekota cishe kwezigidi ezingu-10 zamaRandi, futhi ukuhoxiswa kwezinzuzo zabasebenzi (ukufaneleka okukhokhelwayo nenkantini okwakungamahhala ekuqaleni) kubangele ukwehla kwesimilo somsebenzi. Abathuthukisi be-software bahlele "ibhomu" elibizwa ngokuthi "Uhlu Lwe-Spindler" elibonisa uhlu lwabantu abaxoshwa kusikrini sekhompyutha kubo bonke abasebenzi kuyo yonke inkampani. Nakuba ikwazile ukwandisa isabelo sayo semakethe iyonke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngo-1996 i-Apple yayiphansi futhi ngamaphesenti angu-4 kuphela emakethe. USpindler waqala ukuxoxisana noSun, IBM, kanye noPhillips ukuze athenge i-Apple, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Lokho bekuwuhlaka lokugcina lwebhodi lenkampani - uSpindler waxoshwa esikhundleni sakhe kwangena uGil Amelio.
1996-1997: Gil Amelio
Uyabona, i-Apple ifana nomkhumbi ogcwele ingcebo kodwa onembobo kuwo. Futhi umsebenzi wami uwukugcina wonke umuntu egwedla ngendlela efanayo.
UGil Amelio, ojoyine i-Apple evela ku-National Semiconductor, ngokungangabazeki wayeyi-CEO ye-Apple esebenza isikhathi esifushane kakhulu emlandweni wenkampani. Kusukela ngo-1994, nokho, ube yilungu lebhodi labaqondisi kwa-Apple. Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe enkampanini yama-apula awuzange uphumelele kakhulu. Inkampani ilahlekelwe yisamba sesigidigidi samadola kanti inani lamasheya lehle ngamaphesenti angama-80. Isabelo esisodwa besithengiswa ngo-$14 kuphela. Ngaphandle kobunzima bezezimali, u-Amelio naye kwadingeka abhekane nezinye izinkinga - imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi, isiko lenkampani elibi, ngokuyisisekelo uhlelo olungasebenzi olungasebenzi. Lokho kuyinkinga enkulu kumphathi omusha wenkampani. U-Amelio uzame ukuxazulula lesi simo ngazo zonke izindlela, okuhlanganisa ukuthengisa i-Apple noma ukuthenga enye inkampani ezosindisa i-Apple. Umsebenzi ka-Amelia uxhumene kakhulu nomuntu ophinde wavela endaweni yesigameko ngalesi sikhathi futhi naye wagcina esolwa ngokususwa esikhundleni sokuba yinhloko yenkampani - noSteve Jobs.
Ngokuqondakalayo Imisebenzi yayifuna ukubuyela enkampanini yakhe futhi yabona u-Amelia njengomuntu ofanele ukumsiza lapho ebuya. Ngakho kancane kancane waba umuntu u-Amelio ayebonisana naye zonke izinyathelo, kanjalo esondela emgomweni wakhe. Isinyathelo esilandelayo, isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu, emizamweni yakhe senzeka lapho u-Apple ethenga i-Jobs'NeXT ngokuyalelwa ngu-Amelia. Imisebenzi, engabaza ekuqaleni, yaba "umxhumanisi ozimele". Ngaleso sikhathi, wayesasho ukuthi wayengeke ahole i-Apple. Hhayi-ke, okungenani yilokho ayekufuna ngokusemthethweni. Ngomhla zi-4/7/1997, isikhathi sika-Amelio e-Apple saphela nakanjani. Imisebenzi yaqinisekisa ibhodi ukuthi limxoshe. Wakwazi ukuphonsa isisindo ngesimo se-Newton emkhunjini wengcebo, owawunomgodi, kodwa uCaptain Jobs wayesevele ephethe.
1997-2011: USteve Jobs
USteve Jobs akazange athweswe iziqu eReed futhi ungomunye wabasunguli be-Apple Inc., eyazalelwa egalaji laseSilicon Valley ngo-1976. Amakhompyutha ayeyi-flagship yakwa-Apple (futhi ingumkhumbi kuphela). USteve Wozniak nethimba lakhe babazi ukuthi bazenza kanjani, uSteve Jobs wayazi ukuthi zingathengiswa kanjani. Inkanyezi yakhe yayikhula ngokushesha, kodwa waxoshwa enkampanini yakhe ngemuva kokuhluleka kwekhompyutha ye-Macintosh. Ngo-1985, wasungula inkampani entsha, i-NeXT Computer, eyathengwa i-Apple ngo-1997, eyayidinga, phakathi kwezinye izinto, uhlelo olusha lokusebenza. I-NeXT's NEXTSTEP ngakho yaba yisisekelo nesikhuthazo se-Mac OS X yakamuva. Unyaka ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-NEXT, Imisebenzi yathenga iningi lamasheya esitudiyo sefilimu i-Pixar, esikhiqize amafilimu opopayi e-Disney. Imisebenzi yayiwuthanda umsebenzi, kodwa ekugcineni wakhetha u-Apple. Ngo-2006, i-Disney yagcina ithenge i-Pixar, futhi Imisebenzi yaba ngumnikazi wamasheya kanye nelungu lebhodi labaqondisi bakwaDisney.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba uSteve Jobs athathe izintambo ku-Apple ngo-1997, nakuba “engu-CEO wesikhashana,” isikhulu esiphezulu sezezimali senkampani, uFred D. Anderson, wasebenza njenge-CEO. Imisebenzi yenza njengomeluleki ku-Anderson nabanye, eqhubeka nokushintsha inkampani ngomfanekiso wakhe. Ngokusemthethweni, bekufanele abe ngumeluleki izinyanga ezintathu kuze kube yilapho u-Apple ethola i-CEO entsha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uJobs wakhipha wonke amalungu ebhodi ngaphandle kwamabili—u-Ed Woolard, ayemhlonipha ngempela, noGareth Chang, owayeyiziro emehlweni akhe. Ngalesi sinyathelo, uthole isihlalo ebhodini labaqondisi futhi waqala ukuzinikela ngokugcwele ku-Apple.
Imisebenzi yayiyisikhohlakali esinyanyekayo, ethanda ukuphelela futhi eyinqaba ngendlela yakhe. Wayelukhuni futhi engayekethisi, evame ukuba nonya kubasebenzi bakhe futhi ebalulaza. Kodwa wayenomqondo wemininingwane, wemibala, wokwakheka, wesitayela. Wayenomdlandla, ewuthanda umsebenzi wakhe, egxile ekwenzeni yonke into iphelele ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphansi komyalo wakhe, kwadalwa i-iPod, i-iPhone, i-iPad, nochungechunge lwamakhompyutha aphathwayo e-MacBook. Wakwazi ukukhanga abantu, kokubili ngobuntu bakhe obungcono futhi - ngaphezu kwakho konke - ngemikhiqizo yakhe. Ngenxa yakhe, i-Apple yadubula phezulu, lapho isekhona nanamuhla. Nakuba kuwumkhiqizo obizayo, umelelwa ukuphelela, imininingwane ecushwe kahle kanye nobungane obuhle babasebenzisi. Futhi amakhasimende ajabule ukukhokhela konke lokhu. Esinye seziqubulo eziningi zeMisebenzi sasithi “Cabanga ngokwehlukile”. I-Apple nemikhiqizo yayo ibonakala ilandela lesi siqubulo ngisho nangemva kokushiya kweMisebenzi. Wesula esikhundleni sokuba yi-CEO ngo-2011 ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo. Wabulawa umdlavuza we-pancreatic ngo-Okthoba 5, 10.
2011–manje: Tim Cook
UTimothy "Tim" Cook ungumuntu u-Jobs amkhetha njengomlandeli wakhe ngisho nangaphambi kokusula kwakhe okokugcina ngo-2011. U-Cook wajoyina i-Apple ngo-1998, ngaleso sikhathi wayesebenzela iCompaq Computers. Ngaphambilini futhi eye-IBM kanye ne-Intelligent Electronics. Waqala e-Apple njengephini likamongameli omkhulu wemisebenzi yomhlaba wonke. Ngo-2007, wakhushulelwa esikhundleni sokuba yiChief Operating Officer (COO) yenkampani. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kuze kube sekuhambeni kukaJobs ngo-2011, uCook wayehlale emgcwalisela ngesikhathi uJobs esalulama kolunye lokuhlinzwa kwakhe.
UTim Cook wayevela kuma-oda, okwakuyilo kanye ukuqeqeshwa esasikudinga. Ngabona ukuthi sibheka izinto ngendlela efanayo. Ngivakashele amafekthri amaningi afika ngesikhathi e-Japan futhi ngazakhela i-Mac kanye ne-NeXT. Ngangazi ukuthi ngifunani ngase ngihlangana noTim futhi wayefuna into efanayo. Ngakho saqala ukusebenza ndawonye futhi akuzange kube yisikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba ngiqiniseke ukuthi wayekwazi kahle okufanele akwenze. Wayenombono ofana nowami, singasebenzisana ezingeni eliphezulu lamasu, ngingakhohlwa izinto eziningi, kodwa wangiphelelisa. (Imisebenzi ku-Cook)
Ngokungafani neMisebenzi, i-CEO yamanje izolile futhi ayibonisi okuningi kwemizwa yayo. Akayona neze imisebenzi ezenzakalelayo, kodwa njengoba ubona esicaphuni, babelana ngombono ofanayo wezebhizinisi futhi bafuna izinto ezifanayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi yingakho uMisebenzi ebeka i-Apple ezandleni zikaCook, ambona njengomuntu ozoqhubeka nemibono yakhe, nakuba engase akwenze ngendlela ehlukile. Isibonelo, ukuthanda kukaJobs zonke izinto ezincane kwahlala kuyisici se-Apple ngisho nangemva kokuhamba kwakhe. Njengoba uCook ngokwakhe esho: “Wayeqiniseka njalo ukuthi into encane yinhle. Kungabonakala kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Sinekhompuyutha ephathekayo encane kakhulu, i-smartphone encane kakhulu, futhi senza i-iPad ibe mncane futhi ibe izacile.” Kunzima ukusho ukuthi uSteve Jobs anganeliseka kanjani ngesimo senkampani yakhe kanye nemikhiqizo ayidalayo. Kodwa isiqubulo sakhe esiyinhloko esithi "Cabanga ngokwehlukile" sisaphila kwa-Apple futhi kubukeka sengathi kuzoba isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, kungase kuthiwe uTim Cook, owakhethwa ngumsebenzi, kwakuyisinqumo esingcono kakhulu.
Isihloko esihle, ngiyabonga ngaso. Angiwuqondi nje umusho: "Ngaphansi kwe-Sculley, i-Apple ithuthukise i-PowerBook kanye ne-System 7, okwakungumanduleli we-Mac OS.".
Ngibheka wonke amadiski wami wokufaka we-Macintosh Classic ayisishiyagalombili, futhi wonke anayo yomibili ilogo ye-Mac OS naleyo "eyisikhombisa" kunxande omnyama. Cishe ubuqonde umanduleli we-OS-X, ngoba ngisho "nesishiyagalombili" kanye "nesishiyagalolunye" abizwa ngokuthi yi-Mac OS.
... ukuhlanganisa nje, angiwadli ama-eights nesishiyagalolunye... kodwa ngisho ne-OS X yayishayelwa i-MacOS X, bheka nje i-Leopard noma i-Panther... i-OS X ngokwayo yavela ngicabanga nge-SnowLeopard....
Ngicabanga ukuthi njengoba i-Mountain Lion, i-"OS X" ibe esikhundleni se-"Mac OS X".
Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi yayibizwa ngokuthi i-System 7. Bese ngicabanga ukuthi kwakuyi-System 7.5. Ngiyikhumbula kahle kulawo madiski, njll., ngoba ngadideka kancane ngokushintshwa kwegama lakamuva. Igama le-Mac OS liqale ukusetshenziswa cishe ku-Mac OS 8. Nokho, zama ukubeka okuthi "Mayelana Nale Macintosh" ku-Classic yakho :-)