Ondrej Holzman Amalungu kahulumeni waseMelika abe nesikhathi esinzima phambi kwenkantolo yamacala adlulisiwe ngoMsombuluko, kudingeke ukuthi aphendule imibuzo yamajaji amathathu esigungu sokudlulisa amacala. Ihlola isinqumo senkantolo sangaphambilini sokuthi i-Apple yasebenzisana nabashicileli bezincwadi ngo-2010 ukukhulisa intengo yama-e-books kulo lonke ibhodi. U-Apple manje usenkantolo yokudlulisa amacala ukuze kuchithwe leso sinqumo.
Nakuba engazange ahlanganyele ngokuqondile kulo lonke icala, i-Amazon nayo yadlala indima ebalulekile enkantolo yokudlulisa amacala yaseManhattan, ethinteka ngokuqondile kulo lonke udaba. Elinye lamajaji amathathu ephanelini lokudlulisa amacala liphakamise ngoMsombuluko ukuthi izingxoxo ze-Apple nabashicileli zikhuthaze ukuncintisana futhi zephule isikhundla se-Amazon sokuba yedwa. “Kufana nokuthi wonke amagundane ahlangana ndawonye azofaka insimbi entanyeni yekati,” kusho iJaji uDennis Jacobs.
Iphaneli yezikhalazo incike kakhulu ekuvuneni i-Apple
Abanye ozakwabo nabo babonakala bezivulekele izingxabano zika-Apple futhi, kunalokho, bancika kakhulu ezikhulwini zikahulumeni. IJaji uDebra Livingston likubize ngokuthi "kuyaphazamisa" ukuthi ukusebenzisana kwe-Apple nabashicileli, obekuzoba "semthethweni ngokuphelele", sekube yindaba yamacala okwakha uzungu.
I-Amazon yayilawula amaphesenti angu-80 kuya kwangu-90 emakethe ngesikhathi i-Apple ingena emkhakheni we-e-book. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Amazon yayikhokhisa amanani abiza kakhulu -- $9,99 kubathengisi abaningi -- izikhulu zikahulumeni ezathi zilungele abasebenzisi, kusho uMalcom Stewart, ummeli omkhulu woMnyango Wezobulungiswa waseMelika.
Elinye lamajaji amathathu, uRaymond J. Lohier, ubuze uStewart ukuthi i-Apple ingabhubhisa kanjani i-Amazon yedwa ngaphandle kokwephula imithetho yokungathembeki njengoba kuhunyushwa uMnyango Wezobulungiswa. UStewart uphendule ngokuthi i-Apple ibingakwazi ukunxenxa abashicileli ukuthi bathengise izincwadi ngamanani aphansi, noma inkampani yaseCalifornia ibingafaka isikhalazo sokungathembeki ngokumelene ne-Amazon.
"Ingabe usho ukuthi uMnyango Wezobulungiswa awuzange uqaphele ukuthi kunemboni entsha ephethwe yi-monopoly?" Kuphendula iJaji Jacobs. “Sibhalise izinga lentengo lika-$9,99, kodwa sicabange ukuthi lilungele amakhasimende,” kuphendula uStewart.
Ingabe uJaji Cote wayenephutha?
KwakunguMnyango Wezobulungiswa owamangalela i-Apple ngo-2012, uyisola ngokwephula imithetho yokungathembeki. Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala amasonto amathathu, iJaji uDenise Cote lagcina likhiphe isinqumo ngonyaka odlule sokuthi i-Apple yasiza abashicileli ukuba baqede amanani entengo e-Amazon angemahle futhi balolonge kabusha imakethe. Izivumelwano ne-Apple zivumele abashicileli ukuthi bazibekele amanani abo e-iBookstore, kanti i-Apple ihlale ithatha ikhomishini engamaphesenti angama-30.
Okubalulekile ezivumelwaneni ne-Apple kwakuyisimo sokuthi abashicileli bazothengisa ama-e-books e-iBookstore okungenani ngamanani aphansi afanayo nalawo anikezwa kwenye indawo. Lokhu kwavumela abashicileli ukuba bacindezele i-Amazon ukuthi ishintshe imodeli yayo yebhizinisi. Uma engakwenzanga lokho, bazolahlekelwa kakhulu, ngoba kuzodingeka futhi banikeze izincwadi esitolo se-iBooks ngale $10 eshiwo ngenhla. Lapho kuvulwa i-iBookstore, amanani ezincwadi ze-elekthronikhi akhuphuka ngokushesha, okungamjabulisanga uJaji u-Cote, owayenquma icala.
Kodwa-ke, inkantolo yokudlulisa amacala manje izonquma ukuthi ngabe i-Cote yayinomsebenzi wokucubungula ngokucophelela umthelela wezomnotho wokungena kwe-Apple emakethe. Ummeli wakhe, uTheodore Boutrous Jr. uthe i-Apple yandisa ukuncintisana ngokunciphisa amandla e-Amazon. Ezinye izintengo ze-e-book zikhuphuke ngempela, kodwa intengo yazo emaphakathi kuyo yonke imakethe yehlile. Inani lezihloko ezitholakalayo nalo selikhule kakhulu.
Uma inkampani yaseCalifornia ingaphumeleli enkantolo yokudlulisa amacala, izokhokha u-$450 wezigidi esivele ivumelene ngayo nabamangali. Iningi lale mali lizoya kumakhasimende, u-50 million uzoya ezindlekweni zenkantolo. Ngokungafani ne-Apple, izikhungo zokushicilela azizange zifune ukuya enkantolo futhi ngemva kwesivumelwano esingaphandle kwenkantolo, zakhokha cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-160. Uma inkantolo yokudlulisa amacala ibuyisela icala kuJaji u-Cote, i-Apple izokhokha izigidi ezingu-50 kumakhasimende kanye nezigidi ezingu-20 ezindlekweni zenkantolo. Uma inkantolo ichitha isinqumo sokuqala, i-Apple ngeke ikhokhe lutho.
Ukulalelwa kwangoMsombuluko kuthathe imizuzu engu-80 kuphela, kodwa isinqumo samajaji singase sithathe izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Kuyaxaka kwasekuqaleni. Njengoba ubhala, bekuyizinqubo ezijwayelekile zokuxoxisana ngebhizinisi futhi angiboni lutho "oluyingulube" ngakho.