U-Vratislav Holub Umnyombo wamafoni we-Apple yi-chipset yawo. Mayelana nalokhu, i-Apple ithembele kuma-chips ayo avela emndenini we-A-Series, eziklama yona yona bese idlulisela ukukhiqizwa kwawo kwa-TSMC (omunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni we-semiconductor onobuchwepheshe besimanjemanje). Ngenxa yalokhu, iyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuhle kakhulu kuyo yonke ihadiwe ne-software futhi ifihle ukusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu kumafoni ayo kunamafoni esincintisana nawo. Umhlaba wama-chips udlule ekuguqukeni okuhamba kancane nokumangalisayo kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, uthuthuka ngokoqobo ngayo yonke indlela.
Kungaba njalo okuthakaselayo
Amaya Toman Ngokuphathelene nama-chipsets, inqubo yokukhiqiza enikezwe ngama-nanometers ivame ukukhulunywa ngayo. Kulokhu, uma inqubo yokukhiqiza incane, kuba ngcono ku-chip ngokwayo. Inombolo kuma-nanometers ikhombisa ngokuqondile ibanga eliphakathi kwama-electrode amabili - umthombo nesango - phakathi kwawo kukhona nesango elilawula ukuhamba kwama-electron. Kalula nje, kungashiwo ukuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza encane, ama-electrode amaningi (ama-transistors) angasetshenziselwa i-chipset, okwandisa ukusebenza kwawo futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Futhi kukule ngxenye lapho izimangaliso bezisenzeka eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngenxa yokuthi singajabulela i-miniaturization enamandla. Kungabonakala futhi ngokuphelele kuma-iPhones ngokwawo. Phakathi neminyaka yokuphila kwabo, baye babhekana izikhathi eziningana nokunciphisa kancane kancane inqubo yokukhiqiza ama-chips abo, okuphambene nalokho, okuye kwathuthuka emkhakheni wokusebenza.
Inqubo yokukhiqiza encane = i-chipset engcono
Isibonelo, i-iPhone 4 enjalo yayifakwe i-chip I-Apple A4 (2010). Kwakuyi-chipset engu-32-bit enenqubo yokukhiqiza engu-45nm, ukukhiqizwa kwayo okuhlinzekwe ngabakwaSamsung baseNingizimu Korea. Imodeli elandelayo A5 yaqhubeka nokuthembela kunqubo ye-45nm ye-CPU, kodwa yayisivele ishintshele ku-32nm ye-GPU. Ushintsho olugcwele lube se lwenzeka lapho kufika i-chip I-Apple A6 ngo-2012, eyanika amandla i-iPhone 5 yasekuqaleni. Lapho lolu shintsho lufika, i-iPhone 5 yanikeza i-CPU esheshayo engu-30%. Noma kunjalo, ngaleso sikhathi ukuthuthukiswa kwama-chips kwakusanda kuqala ukuzuza umfutho. Ushintsho olubalulekile lweza ngo-2013 nge-iPhone 5S, noma i-chip I-Apple A7. Kwakuyi-chipset yokuqala ye-64-bit yamafoni, eyayisekelwe kunqubo yokukhiqiza engu-28nm. Eminyakeni emi-3 nje, i-Apple ikwazile ukuyehlisa cishe ngesigamu. Noma kunjalo, ngokuya ngokusebenza kwe-CPU ne-GPU, ithuthuke cishe kabili.
iPhone 5S
Ngonyaka olandelayo (2014), wafaka isicelo segama elithi iPhone 6 kanye ne-6 Plus, lapho avakashela khona I-Apple A8. Ngendlela, lena kwakuyi-chipset yokuqala, ukukhiqizwa kwayo okwathengwa yi-TSMC enkulu yaseTaiwan eshiwo ngenhla. Lesi siqeshana size nenqubo yokukhiqiza engu-20nm futhi sinikeze i-CPU enamandla angu-25% kanye ne-GPU enamandla angu-50%. Kosix abathuthukisiwe, i-iPhone 6S ne-6S Plus, umdondoshiya we-Cupertino ubhejela i-chip I-Apple A9, okuthakazelisa kakhulu ngendlela yayo. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwaqinisekiswa yi-TSMC ne-Samsung, kodwa kunomehluko obalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza. Yize zombili lezi zinkampani zikhiqize i-chip efanayo, inkampani eyodwa iphume nenqubo ye-16nm (TSMC) kanti enye inenqubo ye-14nm (Samsung). Naphezu kwalokhu, umehluko ekusebenzeni akuzange kuvele. Kube namahemuhemu kuphela azungeza phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-apula ukuthi ama-iPhones ane-Samsung chip aphuma ngokushesha ngaphansi kwemithwalo enzima kakhulu, okwakuyiqiniso ngokwengxenye. Kunoma ikuphi, u-Apple ushilo ngemuva kokuhlolwa ukuthi lokhu kungumehluko ebangeni lamaphesenti ama-2 kuye kwangama-3, ngakho-ke akunawo umthelela wangempela.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-chip ye-iPhone 7 ne-7 Plus, I-Apple A10 Fusion, yabekwa ezandleni ze-TSMC ngonyaka olandelayo, osekunguye yedwa umdidiyeli kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Imodeli cishe ayishintshile mayelana nenqubo yokukhiqiza, njengoba isengu-16nm. Noma kunjalo, i-Apple ikwazile ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwayo ngo-40% ku-CPU kanye no-50% we-GPU. Wayethandeka kakhudlwana I-Apple A11 Bionic kuma-iPhones 8, 8 Plus kanye no-X. Laba bakamuva baziqhayisa ngenqubo yokukhiqiza engu-10nm futhi ngaleyo ndlela babona ukuthuthuka okuyisisekelo. Lokhu kwakungenxa yenani eliphakeme lama-cores. Ngenkathi i-chip ye-A10 Fusion inikeze inani lama-CPU cores angu-4 (2 anamandla futhi 2 ayongayo), i-A11 Bionic inama-6 awo (ama-2 anamandla futhi angu-4 awongayo). Abanamandla bathole ukusheshisa ngo-25%, futhi esimweni somnotho, kwaba ukusheshisa okungu-70%.
Umdondoshiya weCupertino wabe esedonsela ukunaka emhlabeni kwaso ngo-2018 nge-chip. I-Apple A12 Bionic, eyaba yi-chipset yokuqala ngqa enenqubo yokukhiqiza engu-7nm. Imodeli inika amandla i-iPhone XS, i-XS Max, i-XR, kanye ne-iPad Air 3, i-iPad mini 5 noma i-iPad 8. Ama-cores ayo amabili anamandla ashesha ngo-11% futhi ayonga ngo-15% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-A50 Bionic, kuyilapho ezine. ama-cores ezomnotho adla amandla angaphansi kuka-50% kune-chip yangaphambilini. I-chip ye-Apple yabe yakhelwa phezu kwenqubo efanayo yokukhiqiza I-A13 i-Bionic ihloselwe i-iPhone 11, 11 Pro, 11 Pro Max, SE 2 ne-iPad 9. Ama-cores ayo anamandla abeshesha ngo-20% no-30% eyongayo ngaphezulu, kuyilapho eyongayo ithole ukusheshisa okungu-20% nomnotho owengeziwe ngo-40%. Wabe esevula inkathi yamanje I-Apple A14 Bionic. Iqale yaya ku-iPad Air 4, futhi ngemva kwenyanga yavela esizukulwaneni se-iPhone 12. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakuyisisetshenziswa sokuqala kakhulu esidayiswa ngokudayiswa esinikeza i-chipset ngokusekelwe kunqubo yokukhiqiza ye-5nm. Mayelana ne-CPU, ithuthuke ngo-40% kwathi ku-GPU yaba ngu-30%. Njengamanje sinikezwa i-iPhone 13 nge-chip I-Apple A15 Bionic, okusekelwe futhi kunqubo yokukhiqiza engu-5nm. Ama-chips avela emndenini we-M-Series, phakathi kokunye, athembele enqubweni efanayo. I-Apple iwasebenzisa kuma-Mac nge-Apple Silicon.
Igalari yezithombe
Okuzolethwa ikusasa
Ekwindla, i-Apple kufanele isethulele isizukulwane esisha samafoni we-Apple, i-iPhone 14. Ngokusho kokuvuza kwamanje nokuqagela, amamodeli we-Pro ne-Pro Max azoziqhenya nge-chip entsha ye-Apple A16, okungenzeka ukuthi iqhamuke nokukhiqiza okungu-4nm. inqubo. Okungenani lokhu sekukhulunywe ngakho isikhathi eside phakathi kwabalimi bama-apula, kodwa ukuvuza kwakamuva kuyaluphikisa lolu shintsho. Ngokusobala, "kuphela" sizobona inqubo ye-5nm ethuthukisiwe evela ku-TSMC, ezoqinisekisa ukusebenza okungcono okungu-10% nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngakho-ke lolu shintsho kufanele lufike kuphela ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngalokhu, kuphinde kukhulunywe ngokusebenzisa inqubo ye-3nm eguquguquka ngokuphelele, lapho i-TSMC isebenza khona ngqo ne-Apple. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwama-chipsets eselula sekufinyelele ezingeni elingenakucatshangwa ngempela eminyakeni yamuva, okwenza inqubekelaphambili encane ingabi nandaba ngokoqobo.
Kungaba njalo okuthakaselayo
Ukundiza emhlabeni wonke nge-Apple 