Isikhethi se-apula Umlobi wephephandaba waseCzech uPatrick Zandl ushicilele incwadi kule nyanga ekhuluma ngokuguqulwa kwebhizinisi kusuka kumakhompyutha womuntu siqu kuya kumakhalekhukhwini kanye nenkathi elandelayo, ethathe iminyaka emihlanu, lapho i-Apple yaba inkampani ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Uzofunda ngokuningiliziwe yonke into engemuva koguquko olukhulu kumakhalekhukhwini nokuthi kwasiza kanjani ukudala imakethe yamathebulethi entsha ngokuphelele. Nawa amasampula okuqala avela encwadini.
Yakhiwe kanjani isistimu yokusebenza ye-iPhone OS X - iOS
Isistimu yokusebenza nayo inqume impumelelo yeselula ye-Apple ezayo. Lokhu kwakuyinkolelo eyayingavamile ngokuphelele ngo-2005, "ama-smartphone" ayengewona abathengisi abahamba phambili, ngokuphambene nalokho, amafoni ane-firmware yenhloso eyodwa athengiswa njengamaqebelengwane ashisayo. Kodwa Imisebenzi yayidinga ocingweni lwakhe ithuba elikhulu lokunwetshwa kwesikhathi esizayo, ukuguquguquka ekuthuthukisweni kanjalo nekhono lokuphendula izitayela ezivelayo. Futhi, uma kungenzeka, ukuhambisana okungcono kakhulu kwe-platform ye-Mac, ngoba wayesaba ukuthi inkampani izokhungatheka ngokuthuthukiswa kolunye uhlelo lokusebenza. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesoftware, njengoba sibonisile, bekungelona iphuzu eliqinile le-Apple isikhathi eside.
Lesi sinqumo savela ngoFebhuwari 2005 ngemuva nje komhlangano oyimfihlo nabamele i-Cingular Wireless lapho i-Motorola ingamenywanga khona. Imisebenzi ikwazile ukukholisa uCingular ukuthi u-Apple wayezothola ingxenye yemali engenayo etholakala ngocingo lwakhe futhi akholise uCingular ukuthi azimisele ngokwakha inethiwekhi yamaselula. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, Imisebenzi yayiwukhuthaza umbono wokulanda umculo kunethiwekhi yeselula, kodwa abameleli beCingular babengenathemba ngokwanda komthwalo ongadalwa ukulandwa kwe-inthanethi. Baphikisana nolwazi lokudawuniloda amaringithoni namawebhusayithi futhi, njengoba ikusasa lizobonisa, babukela phansi i-hype u-Jobs akwazi ukuyenza ngocingo lwakhe. Okubabuyisela emuva ngokushesha.
Iqala kanje iphrojekthi I-2 e-Purple, lapho Imisebenzi ifuna ukudlulela ngale kwemibono yokubambisana okungagculisi ne-Motorola. Umgomo: umakhalekhukhwini wayo osuselwe kubuchwepheshe i-Apple esebuzuzile manje noma ezobuthuthukisa ngokushesha, inqwaba yabo (njengeFingerWorks) uMisebenzi ayehlele ukubusebenzisela ukwakhiwa kwethebhulethi abefuna ukuyethula. Kodwa kwakudingeka akhethe: noma uzokwethula ngokushesha umakhalekhukhwini nge-iPod ehlanganisiwe futhi ngaleyo ndlela asindise inkinga esondelayo yokuthengiswa kwe-iPod, noma afeze iphupho lakhe futhi ethule ithebhulethi. Ngeke akwazi ukuba nakho kokubili, ngoba ukusebenzisana nabakwaMotorola ngeke kumnikeze i-iPod kumakhalekhukhwini wakhe, lokho kwase kusobala ngaleso sikhathi, nakuba kuzothatha enye isigamu sonyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-Motorola ROKR ishaye. imakethe. Ekugcineni, mhlawumbe ngokumangazayo, kodwa ngokunengqondo kakhulu, Imisebenzi yabheja ekusindiseni imakethe yomculo, yahlehlisa ukwethulwa kwethebhulethi futhi yahambisa zonke izinsiza kuphrojekthi yePurple 2, inhloso yayo bekuwukwakha ifoni yesikrini esithintwayo nge-iPod.
Isinqumo sokujwayela isistimu yokusebenza ye-Mac OS X yenkampani yamaselula akubanga nje kuphela ukuthi zazingekho ezinye izinketho eziningi, kodwa futhi nethuba lokuhlangana kwedivayisi kamuva. Amandla ekhompiyutha akhulayo kanye nomthamo wenkumbulo wamadivayisi eselula aqinisekisa Imisebenzi ukuthi esikhathini esizayo kwakungenzeka ukunikeza izinhlelo zokusebenza ocingweni ezifana nalezo ezisetshenziswa kumadeskithophu nokuthi kungaba inzuzo ukuthembela kumongo wesistimu eyodwa yokusebenza.
Ukuze kusheshiswe intuthuko, kuphinde kwanqunywa ukuthi kwakhiwe amaqembu amabili azimele. Ithimba le-hardware lizoba nomsebenzi wokwakha ngokushesha umakhalekhukhwini ngokwawo, elinye ithimba lizogxila ekuguquleni isistimu yokusebenza ye-OS X.
I-Mac OS X, i-OS X ne-iOS
Kunokudideka okuncane kwa-Apple ngokulebula kwezinguqulo zesistimu yokusebenza. Inguqulo yasekuqaleni yesistimu yokusebenza ye-iPhone empeleni ayinalo igama - i-Apple isebenzisa igama le-laconic "i-iPhone isebenzisa inguqulo ye-OS X" ezintweni zayo zokumaketha. Kamuva iqala ukusebenzisa "i-iPhone OS" ukubhekisela ohlelweni lokusebenza lwefoni. Ngokukhululwa kwenguqulo yayo yesine ngo-2010, i-Apple yaqala ukusebenzisa ngokuhlelekile igama elithi iOS. NgoFebhuwari 2012, isistimu yokusebenza yedeskithophu ethi "Mac OS X" izoqanjwa kabusha ibe yi-"OS X", okungase kudideke. Isibonelo, esihlokweni salesi sahluko, lapho ngizama khona ukunaka iqiniso lokuthi i-iOS emnyombweni wayo ivela ku-OS X.
UDarwin ngemuva
Lapha sidinga ukwenza enye indlela yokuchezuka sibheke ohlelweni lokusebenza lwe-Darwin. Ngenkathi i-Apple ithenga inkampani yeMisebenzi i-NeXT ngo-1997, isistimu yokusebenza ye-NEXTSTEP nokuhluka kwayo kudalwe ngokubambisana ne-Sun Microsystems futhi ebizwa nge-OpenSTEP yaba yingxenye yomsebenzi. Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-NEXTSTEP nalo lwaluzoba yisisekelo sesistimu entsha yokusebenza yekhompiyutha ye-Apple, ngemuva kwakho konke, lesi kube ngesinye sezizathu ezenza u-Apple athenge Imisebenzi 'NeXT. Intelezi ekhangayo futhi ngaleso sikhathi mhlawumbe eyayingabongwa kangako ye-NEXTSTEP kwakuyimvelo yayo enezinkundla eziningi, lolu hlelo lungasetshenzwa kokubili endaweni ye-Intel x86 kanye naku-Motorola 68K, PA-RISC kanye ne-SPARC, okungukuthi cishe kuwo wonke amaphrosesa asetshenziswa amapulatifomu edeskithophu. ngaleso sikhathi. Futhi kwakungenzeka ukudala amafayela okusabalalisa aqukethe izinguqulo kanambambili zohlelo kuzo zonke izinkundla zeprosesa, okuthiwa ama-fat binaries.
Ngakho-ke ifa le-NEXT lisebenze njengesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kohlelo olusha lokusebenza olubizwa ngokuthi i-Rhapsody, u-Apple wethula okokuqala engqungqutheleni yonjiniyela ngo-1997. Lolu hlelo lwaletha izinguquko eziningi uma luqhathaniswa nezinguqulo zangaphambilini ze-Mac OS, kusukela endaweni yethu buka okulandelayo ikakhulukazi:
- i-kernel kanye namasistimu angaphansi ahlobene ayesekelwe ku-Mach ne-BSD
- uhlelo oluncane lokusebenzisana ne-Mac OS yangaphambilini (i-Blue Box) - kamuva eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-Classic interface
- ukusetshenziswa okunwetshiwe kwe-OpenStep API (Yellow Box) - kamuva kwavela ku-Cocoa.
- Umshini we-Java virtual
- isistimu yokufaka amawindi esekelwe ku-Displa PostScript
- i-interface esekelwe ku-Mac OS kodwa ehlanganiswe ne-OpenSTEP
U-Apple uhlele ukudlulisela ku-Rhapsody iningi lezinhlaka ze-software (izinhlaka) ezivela ku-Mac OS, njenge-QuickTime, i-QuickDraw 3D, i-QuickDraw GX noma i-ColorSync, kanye nezinhlelo zamafayela ezivela kumakhompyutha okuqala e-Apple Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), HFS, UFS nezinye. . Kodwa kwasheshe kwacaca ukuthi lona kwakungewona neze umsebenzi olula. Ukukhishwa kokuqala konjiniyela (DR1) ngoSepthemba 1997 kwalandelwa i-DR2 yesibili ngoMeyi 1998, kodwa wawusemkhulu umsebenzi okwakumelwe wenziwe. Ukubuka kuqala konjiniyela (Ukubuka kuqala Konjiniyela 1) kwafika kuphela unyaka kamuva, ngoMeyi 1999, futhi uhlelo lwase lubizwa ngokuthi i-Mac OS X, inyanga ngaphambi kokuthi i-Apple ihlukanise inguqulo yeseva iMac OS X Server 1 kuyo, eyabe isemthethweni. ekhishwe kanye nenguqulo yomthombo ovulekile ka-Darwin, ngaleyo ndlela ehlangabezana nengxenye (ephikiswana kakhulu futhi ephikiswana ngayo) yombandela wokukhipha amakhodi omthombo wesistimu esebenzisa ezinye izingxenye zomthombo ovulekile ezidinga lokhu futhi i-Apple eyayifaka ohlelweni lwayo ngenkathi isekelwe. kuma-kernel e-Mach kanye ne-BSD.
I-Darwin empeleni iyi-Mac OS X ngaphandle kwesixhumi esibonakalayo futhi ngaphandle kwenani lemitapo yolwazi yokuphathelene njengokuphepha kwefayela lomculo we-FairPlay. Ungayilanda, njengoba kamuva kuphela amafayela omthombo atholakalayo, hhayi izinguqulo kanambambili, ungawahlanganisa futhi uwasebenzise njengohlelo olusebenzayo kumapulatifomu amaningi okucubungula. Ukuqhubekela phambili, uDarwin uzosebenza izindima ezimbili kwa-Apple: uzoba yisikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sokuthi ukufaka i-Mac OS X kwenye iplatifomu yeprosesa ngeke kube nzima kangangokuthi kungenakwenzeka. Futhi kuzoba yimpendulo ekuphikiseni ukuthi isoftware ye-Apple ivaliwe, okuphathelene nokuphathelene, okuwumbono ozodalwa yi-Apple kamuva, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. EMelika, lapho isakazeke kakhulu kwezemfundo futhi i-Darwin ivame ukusetshenziswa lapha kumaseva amaningi wesikole, ukuqwashisa ngokuvuleka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezingxenye ezijwayelekile ngaphakathi kwesofthiwe ye-Apple kukhulu kakhulu. I-Darwin isewumgogodla walo lonke uhlelo lwe-Mac OS X namuhla, futhi ineqembu elibanzi labanikelayo ekuthuthukisweni komthombo wayo ovulekile, ngaleyo ntuthuko ibuyela emnyombweni we-Mac OS X.
Ukukhishwa kokuqala kwe-Mac OS X 10.0, ebizwa ngokuthi Cheetah, kukhishwe ngo-March 2001, eminyakeni emine ngemva kokuba i-Rhapsody iqale ukuthuthukiswa, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kulula ukuyiphendula ukuze isetshenziswe endaweni ye-Apple. Indida edale izinkinga eziningi zenkampani, ngoba kuleyo minyaka emine yaphoqa abasebenzisi bayo endaweni ye-Mac OS engagculisi futhi engathembisi.
Ngakho i-Darwin yaba yisisekelo sesistimu yokusebenza ngaphansi kwe-Project Purple 2. Ngesikhathi lapho kwakungaqiniseki ukuthi i-Apple izonquma ukusebenzisa ama-ARM processors, lapho yayinesiteki sokuklama, noma i-Intel, eyayiqala ukusetshenziswa kumadeskithophu. , kwakuyisinqumo esihlakaniphe kakhulu , ngoba kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukushintsha ipulatifomu yokucubungula ngaphandle kobuhlungu obuningi, njengoba nje i-Apple yenza nge-PowerPC ne-Intel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekuwuhlelo oluhlangene nolufakazelwe obekufanele kwengezwe kulo isixhumi esibonakalayo (API) - kulokhu i-Cocoa Touch, i-OpenSTEP API eyenziwe ukuthinta enomtapo wolwazi weselula.
Ekugcineni, kwadalwa idizayini eyahlukanisa isistimu yaba izendlalelo ezine zokungafinyeleli:
- ungqimba lwe-kernel yesistimu
- ungqimba lwezinsizakalo ze-kernel
- isendlalelo semidiya
- isendlalelo se-Cocoa Touch touch interface
Kungani yayibalulekile futhi kufanelekile ukunakwa? Imisebenzi yayikholelwa ukuthi umakhalekhukhwini kufanele uphendule ngokuphelele izidingo zomsebenzisi. Uma umsebenzisi ecindezela inkinobho, ifoni kufanele iphendule. Kumelwe ivume ngokusobala ukuthi ikwamukele okokufaka komsebenzisi, futhi lokhu kwenziwa kangcono kakhulu ngokwenza umsebenzi ofisa ukuwenza. Omunye wabathuthukisi ubonise le ndlela ku-Jobs kufoni ye-Nokia enohlelo lwe-Symbian, lapho ucingo luphendule sekwephuzile kakhulu ngokucindezela ukudayela. Umsebenzisi uswayiphele igama ohlwini futhi ngephutha wabiza elinye igama. Lokhu kwamphatha kabi uJobs futhi wayengafuni nokuyibona into efana naleyo kumakhalekhukhwini wakhe. Isistimu yokusebenza bekufanele icubungule ukukhetha komsebenzisi njengokubalulekile, isixhumi esibonakalayo sokuthinta i-Cocoa Touch sibe nokuhamba phambili okuphezulu ohlelweni. Kungemva kwakhe kuphela lapho ezinye izingqimba zesistimu zaba khona kuqala. Uma umsebenzisi enze ukukhetha noma okokufaka, kufanele kwenzeke okuthile ukuze kuqinisekiswe umsebenzisi ukuthi yonke into ihamba kahle. Enye ingxabano yale ndlela kwakuyi-"jumping icons" kwideskithophu ye-Mac OS X. Uma umsebenzisi ethule uhlelo kusukela kudokhi yesistimu, ngokuvamile akukho okubonakala kwenzeka isikhashana kuze kube yilapho uhlelo lulayishwa ngokugcwele lusuka kudiski luye ku-RAM yekhompyutha. Abasebenzisi bazolokhu bechofoza isithonjana ngoba bebengeke bazi ukuthi uhlelo seluvele lulayishwa kumemori. Onjiniyela babe sebeyixazulula ngokwenza isithonjana sigxumele kuze kube yilapho lonke uhlelo lulayishwa kumemori. Kunguqulo yeselula, isistimu ibidinga ukuphendula kunoma yikuphi okokufaka komsebenzisi ngendlela efanayo ngokushesha.
Le ndlela manje isigxile kakhulu ohlelweni lweselula kangangokuthi ngisho nemisebenzi ngayinye ngaphakathi kwe-Cocoa Touch icutshungulwa ohlelweni ngamakilasi ahlukene abalulekile ukuze umsebenzisi abe nokubukeka okungcono kakhulu kokusebenza kwefoni okushelelayo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Apple ibingazimisele ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinkampani zangaphandle ocingweni. Kwakungafiseleki ngisho nangalesi sikhathi. Kunjalo, isistimu yokusebenza ezayo ikusekela ngokugcwele ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi eminingi ngaphambili, ukuvikelwa kwenkumbulo nezinye izici ezithuthukile zezinhlelo zokusebenza zesimanje, ezazingafani nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ngaleso sikhathi ezazinenkinga yokuvikela inkumbulo (Symbian), ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi (Palm OS) noma ngokunye. ngazo zombili (Windows CE). Kepha Imisebenzi ibheke iselula ezayo ngokuyinhloko njengethuluzi elizosetshenziswa ukusebenzisa umculo ohlinzekwe ngabakwa-Apple. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezinkampani zangaphandle zizobambezeleka, futhi Imisebenzi yabona ukuthi imininingwane eminingana kuzofanele ixazululwe eduze kwayo, njengesistimu yokusabalalisa, ngakho-ke nakuba i-OS X yeselula isekela amandla okusebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezengeziwe ngemuva ngokwemvelo, i-Apple ilinganiselwe ngokuzenzakalelayo. lokhu kungenzeka. Lapho i-iPhone iphuma, kuphela amafoni "aphukile ejele" ngaphandle kwalesi sivikelo angafaka izinhlelo zokusebenza ezivela eceleni. Isikhathi eside ngemva kokwethulwa kwe-iPhone ngoJanuwari 2007, Imisebenzi yacabanga ukuthi abathuthukisi bazokwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza zewebhu kuphela nokuthi i-Apple kuphela engadala izinhlelo zokusebenza zomdabu.
Ngisho nasehlobo lika-2006, nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwenguqulo yeselula ye-OS X kwakusesimweni esingagculisi neze. Nakuba ukuthuthwa okuyisisekelo kwesistimu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuqopha umlando nethimba lonjiniyela ababili kuphela, ukuxhunyaniswa nokuxhumana kwezakhi ngazinye zesixhumi esibonakalayo sefoni ephathekayo bekunzima kakhulu. Izingcingo ziyehlisiwe, isofthiwe iphahlazeke kaningi, impilo yebhethri ibiphansi ngokungafanele. Ngesikhathi abantu abangu-2005 besebenza kulo msebenzi ngo-September 200, inani lakhula ngokushesha lafinyelela ku-XNUMX emaqenjini amabili afanayo, kodwa lalinganele. Ububi obungathi sína kwakuyimfihlo lapho u-Apple asebenza khona: abantu abasha abatholakalanga ngokuqashwa komphakathi, kodwa ngokuncoma, ngokuvamile ngabaxhumanisi. Isibonelo, ingxenye yokuhlola yethimba lesofthiwe yayiyi-virtual kakhulu, ukwenza i-prototyping nokuhlola kwenzeka nabantu abaxhumana kakhulu nge-imeyili futhi isikhathi eside bengazi nokuthi basebenzela i-Apple. Kuze kufike izinga elinjalo lemfihlo.
Ungathola ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nencwadi ku Iwebhusayithi kaPatrick Zandl. Incwadi ingathengwa ngokuphrinta ezitolo zezincwadi I-Neoluxor a Kosmas, inguqulo ye-elekthronikhi iyalungiswa.
sekuvele kuningi kakhulu
Incwadi kaW.Walter Isaacson kanye noJay Elliot yayanele.
Ngiwafunde womabili, futhi ngokuyisisekelo eyokuqala yanginika kakhulu.
Kuningi kakhulu...wonke umuntu ubhala ngoSteve manje futhi ufuna ukwenza imali.
Mhlawumbe kuningi, kodwa le ncwadi ibhekana nayo ngendlela ehluke kakhulu, ayiwenzi Imisebenzi “unkulunkulu”, kodwa yonke into ifakwa kumongo lapha.
Ungawuthuki umsebenzi kaPatrik!
Lokhu kubukeka ngeke nje kube lapha futhi bekungekho.
Mhlawumbe naphesheya :-)