UFiliphu Novotny Ngaphambi nje kokwethulwa kwe-iPhone yokuqala, uSteve Jobs wabizela abasebenzi bakhe ndawonye futhi wayethukuthele ngenani lemihuzuko evela kumfanekiso ayewusebenzisa ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa. Kwacaca ukuthi kwakungeke kwenzeke ukusebenzisa ingilazi evamile, ngakho Imisebenzi yahlangana nenkampani yengilazi iCorning. Nokho, umlando wayo uhlehlela emuva phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Konke kwaqala ngokuhlolwa okukodwa okungaphumelelanga. Ngolunye usuku ngo-1952, usokhemisi waseCorning Glass Works u-Don Stookey wahlola isampula yengilazi ezwela ukukhanya futhi wayibeka esithandweni somlilo esingu-600°C. Nokho, ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, kwenzeke iphutha kwesinye sezilawuli futhi izinga lokushisa lenyuka laya ku-900 °C. UStookey ubelindele ukuthi athole isigaxa sengilazi esincibilikisiwe nesithando somlilo esicekeleke phansi ngemuva kwaleli phutha. Nokho, esikhundleni salokho, wathola ukuthi isampula lakhe lase liphenduke isilebhu esimhlophe sobisi. Wathi ezama ukumbamba izikhonkwane zashibilika zawa phansi. Esikhundleni sokuphahlazeka phansi, laphindela phezulu.
UDon Stookey wayengazi ngaleso sikhathi, kodwa wayesanda kusungula i-ceramic yengilazi yokuqala yokwenziwa; U-Corning kamuva wabiza le nto ngokuthi i-Pyroceram. Ilula kune-aluminium, iqinile kunensimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu, futhi iqine izikhathi eziningi kunengilazi ye-soda-lime evamile, ngokushesha yathola ukusetshenziswa kuyo yonke into kusukela emicibisholo ecitshwayo kuya kumalabhorethri amakhemikhali. Yayisetshenziswa nakuhhavini wemicrowave, kwathi ngo-1959 iPyroceram yangena ezindlini ngendlela ye-CorningWare cookware.
Izinto ezintsha zaba usizo olukhulu lwezezimali ku-Corning futhi zenze ukuba kwethulwe i-Project Muscle, umzamo omkhulu wokucwaninga wokuthola ezinye izindlela zokuqinisa ingilazi. Impumelelo eyinhloko yenzeke lapho abacwaningi beqhamuka nendlela yokuqinisa ingilazi ngokuyicwilisa esixukwini esishisayo sikasawoti we-potassium. Bathola ukuthi lapho bengeza i-aluminium oxide ekwakhiweni kwengilazi ngaphambi kokuyicwilisa ekhambisweni, into eyaba umphumela yayiqine ngokuphawulekayo futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ngokushesha ososayensi baqala ukujikijela ingilazi eqine kangaka besuka esakhiweni sabo esinezitezi eziyisishiyagalolunye futhi baqhumisa ingilazi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-0317, ngezinkukhu eziqandisiwe. Ingilazi yayingagotshwa futhi isongwe ngezinga elingavamile futhi ikwazi ukumelana nokucindezela okungaba ngu-17 kg/cm. (Ingilazi evamile ingase ibe ngaphansi kokucindezela okungaba ngu-850 1 kg/cm.) Ngo-250, uCorning waqala ukunikeza lezi zinto ngaphansi kwegama elithi Chemcor, ekholelwa ukuthi wayezothola izicelo emikhiqizweni enjengamadokodo ocingo, amafasitela asejele, noma izibuko zamehlo.
Nakuba kwakunesithakazelo esikhulu endabeni ekuqaleni, ukuthengiswa kwakuphansi. Izinkampani eziningana zifake ama-oda ezibuko zokuphepha. Nokho, lezi zahoxiswa ngokushesha ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngendlela ingilazi eqhuma ngayo. I-Chemcor ibonakala ingaba impahla ekahle yamawindshields emoto; nakuba ivele kumaJavelini ambalwa e-AMC, abakhiqizi abaningi bebengaqinisekile ngokufaneleka kwayo. Babengakholelwa ukuthi i-Chemcor ikufanele ukukhushulwa kwezindleko, ikakhulukazi njengoba yayisebenzise ngempumelelo ingilazi elaminethiwe kusukela ngawo-30.
UCorning wasungula indlela entsha ebizayo eyayingenandaba nayo. Ngokuqinisekile akazange asizwa ukuhlolwa kokuphahlazeka, okwabonisa ukuthi ngama-windshield "ikhanda lomuntu libonisa ukwehla okuphakeme kakhulu" - i-Chemcor yasinda ngaphandle kokulimala, kodwa ugebhezi lomuntu aluzange.
Ngemuva kokuthi inkampani izame ukudayisela iFord Motors nezinye izinto zokwakha, iProject Muscle yaqedwa ngo-1971 futhi impahla yakwaChemcor yaphelela eqhweni. Kwakuyisixazululo okwakumele silinde inkinga efanele.
Sisesifundeni saseNew York, lapho isakhiwo sendlunkulu yaseCorning sikhona. Umqondisi wale nkampani, iWendell Weeks, unehhovisi lakhe esitezi sesibili. Futhi kulapha impela lapho uSteve Jobs abela khona lowo owayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu ubudala ngaleso sikhathi umsebenzi owawubonakala ungenakwenzeka: ukukhiqiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamamitha-skwele engilazi encane kakhulu futhi enamandla kakhulu eyayingekho kuze kube manje. Futhi phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha. Indaba yalokhu kubambisana - okuhlanganisa nomzamo kaJobs wokufundisa uWeeks izimiso zendlela ingilazi esebenza ngayo kanye nenkolelo yakhe yokuthi umgomo ungafinyelelwa - yaziwa kakhulu. Ukuthi uCorning wayiphatha kanjani empeleni akwaziwa.
Amaviki ajoyine le nkampani ngo-1983; ngaphambi kuka-2005, ubambe isikhundla esiphezulu, engamele uphiko lwethelevishini kanye nomnyango wezicelo ezikhethekile. Mbuze ngengilazi futhi uzokutshela ukuthi yinto enhle futhi engavamile, amandla ososayensi abasanda kuqala ukuwathola namuhla. Uzokhuluma "ubuqiniso" bayo futhi ajabulise ukuthintwa, kuphela ukukutshela mayelana nezakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo ngemva kwesikhashana.
Amaviki kanye Nemisebenzi wabelane ngobuthakathaka bomklamo kanye nokuthatheka ngemininingwane. Bobabili bakhangwa izinselele ezinkulu nemibono. Nokho, ohlangothini lwabaphathi, uJobs wayengumashiqela, kuyilapho u-Weeks, ngakolunye uhlangothi (njengabaningi babanduleli bakhe e-Corning), esekela umbuso okhululekile ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu ukuzithoba. “Akukho ukwehlukana phakathi kwami nabacwaningi ngabanye,” kusho uWeeks.
Futhi ngempela, naphezu kokuba inkampani enkulu-yayinabasebenzi abangu-29 kanye ne-$ 000 billion yemali engenayo ngonyaka odlule-i-Corning isasebenza njengebhizinisi elincane. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yebanga elilinganiselwe ukusuka emazweni angaphandle, izinga lokufa elihamba lizungeze u-7,9% njalo ngonyaka, kanye nomlando odumile wenkampani. (UDon Stookey, manje oneminyaka engama-1, kanye nezinye izinganekwane zase-Corning basabonakala emaphasishi nasemalebhu esikhungo sokucwaninga saseSullivan Park.) “Sonke sikhona ukuphila,” kumamatheka u-Weeks. "Sesinesikhathi eside sazana lapha futhi sihlangabezane nempumelelo eminingi kanye nokwehluleka ndawonye."
Enye yezingxoxo zokuqala phakathi Kwamaviki kanye Nemisebenzi empeleni yayingahlangene nengilazi. Ngesinye isikhathi, ososayensi baseCorning babesebenza kubuchwepheshe be-microprojection-ikakhulukazi, indlela engcono yokusebenzisa ama-lasers aluhlaza okokwenziwa. Umbono oyinhloko wawuwukuthi abantu abafuni ukubuka isibonisi esincane kumakhalekhukhwini wabo usuku lonke lapho befuna ukubuka amamuvi noma izinhlelo ze-TV, futhi ukuqagela kubonakale njengesixazululo semvelo. Kodwa-ke, lapho u-Weeks exoxa ngalo mbono neMisebenzi, umphathi wakwa-Apple uwuchithile njengento ewumbudane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukhulume ukuthi usebenza kokuthile okungcono - idivayisi obuso bayo benziwe ngokuphelele isibonisi. Yayibizwa nge-iPhone.
Nakuba Imisebenzi igxeke ama-laser aluhlaza, amele "ukwakheka okusha ngenxa yokuqamba okusha" okuwuphawu lwe-Corning. Le nkampani ihlonipha kakhulu ukuhlola kangangokuthi itshala u-10% wenzuzo yayo ohlonishwayo ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni minyaka yonke. Futhi ezikhathini ezinhle nezimbi. Ngenkathi ibhamuza le-dot-com elibi liqhuma ngo-2000 futhi inani likaCorning lehla lisuka ku-$100 isabelo laya ku-$1,50, i-CEO yayo yaqinisekisa abacwaningi hhayi nje ukuthi ucwaningo belusasenhliziyweni yenkampani, kodwa ukuthi wucwaningo nentuthuko okwenze iqhubeke. buyisela empumelelweni.
"Ingenye yezinkampani ezimbalwa kakhulu ezisekelwe kwezobuchwepheshe ezikwazi ukugxila kabusha njalo," kusho uRebecca Henderson, uprofesa we-Harvard Business School ofunde umlando kaCorning. "Lokho kulula kakhulu ukukusho, kodwa kunzima ukukwenza." Noma ngabe i-Corning iphumelela kuzo zombili lezi zindlela, ngokuvamile kungathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuthola imakethe efanelekile - futhi enenzuzo eyanele - yomkhiqizo wayo. Njengoba uProfessor Henderson esho, ukuqamba okusha, ngokusho kukaCorning, ngokuvamile kusho ukuthatha imibono ehlulekile futhi ukuyisebenzisela injongo ehluke ngokuphelele.
Umqondo wokukhipha uthuli amasampula akwaChemcor wavela ngonyaka ka-2005, ngaphambi kokuthi i-Apple ingene emdlalweni. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Motorola yakhipha i-Razr V3, iselula eyi-clamshell eyayisebenzisa ingilazi esikhundleni sesibonisi sepulasitiki esiqinile. I-Corning yakha iqembu elincane elinomsebenzi wokubona ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuvuselela ingilazi yoHlobo 0317 ukuze isetshenziswe kumadivayisi afana nomakhalekhukhwini noma amawashi. Amasampula ama-Chemcor amadala ayengamamilimitha angu-4 ubukhulu. Mhlawumbe zingancishiswa. Ngemva kokuhlolwa kwezimakethe eziningana, abaphathi benkampani baba nokuqiniseka ukuthi inkampani ingenza imali encane ngalo mkhiqizo okhethekile. Le phrojekthi yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-Gorilla Glass.
Ngo-2007, lapho Imisebenzi iveza imibono yakhe mayelana nokwaziswa okusha, iphrojekthi ayizange ifike kude kakhulu. I-apula lalidinga ngokusobala inani elikhulu lengilazi engu-1,3mm ezacile, eqiniswe ngamakhemikhali - into eyayingakaze yenziwe muntu ngaphambili. Ingabe i-Chemcor, engakakhiqizwe ngobuningi, ingaxhunyaniswa nenqubo yokukhiqiza engahlangabezana nesidingo esikhulu? Kungenzeka yini ukwenza into ehloselwe ingilazi yezimoto ibe mncane kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo igcine amandla ayo? Ingabe inqubo yokuqina kwamakhemikhali izosebenza ngisho naleyongilazi? Ngaleso sikhathi, akekho owayeyazi impendulo yale mibuzo. Ngakho-ke u-Weeks wenze lokho kanye okwakungenziwa yinoma yimuphi u-CEO ongenabungozi. Wathi yebo.
Okokusebenza okudume kabi njengokungabonakali, ingilazi yezimboni yesimanje iyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo. Ingilazi ye-soda-lime evamile yanele ukukhiqizwa kwamabhodlela noma izibani zokukhanya, kodwa ayifaneleki kakhulu kwezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo, njengoba ingaphahlazeka ibe yizicucu ezibukhali. Ingilazi ye-Borosilicate efana ne-Pyrex inhle kakhulu ekumelaneni nokushisa okushisayo, kodwa ukuncibilika kwayo kudinga amandla amaningi. Ukwengeza, kunezindlela ezimbili kuphela ingilazi engakhiqizwa ngayo ngobuningi - ubuchwepheshe bokudweba i-fusion kanye nenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuntanta, lapho ingilazi encibilikisiwe ithululelwa phezu kwesisekelo sethini elincibilikisiwe. Enye yezinselelo ifektri yengilazi okufanele ibhekane nayo isidingo sokufanisa ukwakheka okusha, nazo zonke izici ezidingekayo, nenqubo yokukhiqiza. Kuyinto eyodwa ukuqhamuka nefomula. Ngokusho kwakhe, into yesibili ukwenza umkhiqizo wokugcina.
Kungakhathaliseki ukwakheka, ingxenye eyinhloko yengilazi i-silica (aka sand). Njengoba inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuncibilika (1 °C), amanye amakhemikhali, njenge-sodium oxide, isetshenziselwa ukuwehlisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungenzeka ukusebenza ngengilazi kalula futhi futhi ukuyikhiqiza ngokushibhile. Amaningi alawa makhemikhali aphinde adlulisele izici ezithile engilazini, njengokumelana nama-X ray noma izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ikhono lokubonakalisa ukukhanya noma ukuhlakaza imibala. Kodwa-ke, izinkinga ziphakama lapho ukwakheka kuguqulwa: ukulungiswa okuncane kungabangela umkhiqizo ohluke kakhulu. Isibonelo, uma usebenzisa izinto eziminyene ezifana ne-barium noma i-lanthanum, uzofeza ukunciphisa indawo yokuncibilika, kodwa ubeka ingozi yokuthi impahla yokugcina ngeke ibe ne-homogeneous ngokuphelele. Futhi uma uqinisa ingilazi, ubuye wandise ingozi yokuqhekeka kokuqhuma uma iphuka. Ngamafuphi, ingilazi iyinto elawulwa ukuyekethisa. Yingakho nje izingoma, futhi ikakhulukazi lezo ezishuthelwe kunqubo ethile yokukhiqiza, ziyimfihlo egadwe kakhulu.
Esinye sezinyathelo ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni ingilazi ukupholisa kwayo. Ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi bengilazi evamile, kubalulekile ukupholisa okokusebenza kancane kancane nangokufana ukuze kuncishiswe izingcindezi zangaphakathi ezingenza ingilazi iphuke kalula. Ngengilazi epholile, ngakolunye uhlangothi, umgomo uwukwengeza ukungezwani phakathi kwezingqimba zangaphakathi nezingaphandle zezinto. Ukushisisa kwengilazi kungenza ingilazi ibe namandla ngendlela exakayo: ingilazi iqale ifudunyezwe ize ithambe bese ingaphandle layo liphole ngokucijile. Ungqimba lwangaphandle lushwabana ngokushesha, kuyilapho ingaphakathi lisalokhu lincibilikile. Ngesikhathi sokupholisa, ungqimba lwangaphakathi luzama ukuncipha, ngaleyo ndlela lusebenze ungqimba lwangaphandle. Ingcindezi idaleka phakathi kwento ngenkathi indawo iminyene nakakhulu. Ingilazi efudumele ingaphulwa uma sidlula ungqimba lwangaphandle lwengcindezi siye endaweni yokucindezeleka. Nokho, ngisho nokuqina kwengilazi kunemingcele yakho. Ukwenyuka okukhulu okungenzeka kwamandla ezinto kuncike ezingeni lokuncipha kwayo ngesikhathi sokupholisa; izingoma eziningi zishwabana kancane.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokucindezelwa nokucindezeleka buboniswa kahle ngokuhlolwa okulandelayo: ngokuthela ingilazi encibilikisiwe emanzini eqhwa, sakha ukwakheka okufana ne-teardrop, ingxenye ewugqinsi ekwazi ukumelana nenani elikhulu lokucindezela, okuhlanganisa nokushaywa kwesando okuphindaphindiwe. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye encane ekugcineni kwamaconsi isengozini kakhulu. Uma siyiphula, inkwali izondiza kuyo yonke into ngesivinini esingaphezu kuka-3 km/h, ngaleyo ndlela ikhiphe ukushuba kwangaphakathi. Ngokuqhuma. Kwezinye izimo, ukwakheka kungaqhuma ngamandla kangangokuthi kukhipha ukukhanya kokukhanya.
Ukushisa kwamakhemikhali engilazini, indlela eyasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-60s, kwakha ungqimba lwengcindezi njengokufudumeza, kodwa ngenqubo ebizwa nge-ion exchange. Ingilazi ye-Aluminosilicate, njenge-Gorilla Glass, iqukethe i-silica, i-aluminium, i-magnesium, ne-sodium. Lapho icwiliswa kusawoti we-potassium oncibilikisiwe, ingilazi iyashisa futhi iyanwebeka. I-sodium ne-potassium yabelana ngekholomu efanayo kuthebula le-periodic yezinto futhi ngenxa yalokho iziphatha ngendlela efanayo kakhulu. Ukushisa okuphezulu okuvela kusixazululo sikasawoti kwandisa ukufuduka kwe-sodium ion kusuka engilazini, kanti i-potassium ions, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingathatha indawo yayo ingaphazanyiswa. Njengoba i-potassium ion mikhulu kune-hydrogen ion, igxile kakhulu endaweni efanayo. Njengoba ingilazi iphola, iyajiya nakakhulu, idale ungqimba lwengcindezi phezulu. (I-Corning iqinisekisa ngisho nokushintshana kwe-ion ngokulawula izici ezifana nezinga lokushisa nesikhathi.) Uma kuqhathaniswa nokufudumeza kwengilazi, ukuqina kwamakhemikhali kuqinisekisa ukucindezeleka okuphezulu okucindezelayo kungqimba olungaphezulu (ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekisa amandla afika ngokuphindwe kane) futhi kungasetshenziswa engilazini yanoma yikuphi. ukujiya nokuma.
Ekupheleni kukaMashi, abacwaningi base benefomula entsha cishe isilungile. Nokho, kwakusadingeka bathole indlela yokukhiqiza. Ukusungula inqubo entsha yokukhiqiza bekungaphandle kombuzo njengoba bekuzothatha iminyaka. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nomnqamulajuqu we-Apple, ososayensi ababili, u-Adam Ellison kanye noMatt Dejneka, banikezwe umsebenzi wokulungisa nokulungisa amaphutha inqubo inkampani eyayivele iyisebenzisa ngempumelelo. Babedinga okuthile okwakuzokwazi ukukhiqiza izingilazi eziningi ezacile nezicwebile ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa.
Ososayensi babenenketho eyodwa kuphela: inqubo yokuhlanganisa inhlanganisela. (Kunobuchwepheshe obuningi obusha kule mboni ethuthuke kakhulu, amagama awo ngokuvamile angakabi nawo alingana nesiCzech.) Phakathi nale nqubo, ingilazi encibilikisiwe ithululelwa phezu kweweji ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi "isopipe". Ingilazi ichichima ezinhlangothini zombili zengxenye ejiyile yoweji bese ijoyina futhi ohlangothini oluncane olungezansi. Ibe isihamba ngama-roller ijubane lawo libekwe kahle. Lapho behamba ngokushesha, ingilazi izoba mncane.
Enye yezimboni ezisebenzisa le nqubo itholakala eHarrodsburg, Kentucky. Ekuqaleni kuka-2007, leli gatsha lalisebenza ngokugcwele, futhi amathangi ayo ayisikhombisa angamamitha amahlanu alethe ama-450 kg engilazi ehloselwe amaphaneli e-LCD kumathelevishini emhlabeni njalo ngehora. Elinye lalawa mathangi linganela isidingo sokuqala esivela ku-Apple. Kodwa okokuqala kwakudingeka ubuyekeze amafomula wezingoma ezindala ze-Chemcor. Akukhona nje ukuthi ingilazi kufanele ibe mncane ngo-1,3mm, futhi bekufanele ibe yinhle kakhulu ukuyibuka kunokusho, ukugcwaliswa kwedokodo lefoni. U-Elisson nethimba lakhe babe namasonto ayisithupha ukuthi baphumelele. Ukuze ingilazi iguqulwe enqubweni ye-"fusion draw", kuyadingeka ukuthi iguquguquke kakhulu ngisho namazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu. Inkinga ukuthi noma yini oyenzayo ukuze uthuthukise ukunwebeka futhi ikhulise kakhulu indawo yokuncibilika. Ngokuhlanganisa izithako ezimbalwa ezikhona kanye nokwengeza isithako esisodwa esiyimfihlo, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthuthukisa i-viscosity ngenkathi beqinisekisa ukungezwani okuphezulu engilazini kanye nokushintshaniswa kwe-ion okusheshayo. Ithangi lethulwa ngoMeyi 2007. NgoJuni, likhiqize i-Gorilla Glass eyanele ukugcwalisa izinkundla zebhola ezine.
Eminyakeni emihlanu, i-Gorilla Glass iye yasuka ekubeni yinto nje yaya ezingeni lobuhle—ukwehlukana okuncane okuhlukanisa ubuthina bethu nempilo ebonakalayo esiyiphethe emaphaketheni ethu. Sithinta ungqimba lwangaphandle lwengilazi futhi umzimba wethu uvala umjikelezo phakathi kwe-electrode nomakhelwane wayo, ukuguqula ukunyakaza kudatha. I-Gorilla manje isivezwe emikhiqizweni engaphezu kuka-750 evela kumikhiqizo engama-33 emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amaphilisi, omakhalekhukhwini kanye nomabonakude. Uma ujwayele ukusebenzisa umunwe wakho kudivayisi, cishe usuvele ujwayele i-Gorilla Glass.
Inzuzo kaCorning inyuke kakhulu eminyakeni edlule, isuka ku-$20 million ngo-2007 yaya ku-$700 million ngo-2011. Futhi kubukeka sengathi kuzoba nokunye ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwengilazi. U-Eckersley O'Callaghan, abaklami bakhe abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokubukeka kwezitolo eziningana ze-Apple Stores, ukufakazele lokhu ngokwenza. Ku-London Design Festival yalo nyaka, bethule isithombe esibaziwe esenziwe nge-Gorilla Glass kuphela. Lokhu kungase kuphinde kuvele kumawindshieldi ezimoto. Njengamanje inkampani ixoxisana ngokusetshenziswa kwayo ezimotweni zezemidlalo.
Sinjani isimo esizungeze ingilazi namuhla? EHarrodsburg, imishini ekhethekile ivame ukuwalayisha emabhokisini enziwe ngokhuni, iwayise eLouisville, bese iwathumela ngesitimela ngaseWest Coast. Uma sebefikile, amashidi ezingilazi afakwa emikhunjini yezimpahla futhi athuthelwe emafektri eChina lapho enza khona izinqubo ezimbalwa zokugcina. Okokuqala banikezwa amanzi okugeza e-potassium ashisayo bese benqunywa ama-rectangles amancane.
Yiqiniso, naphezu kwazo zonke izici zayo zemilingo, i-Gorilla Glass ingahluleka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho "ngempumelelo". Iyaphuka uma siwisa ifoni, iphenduka isicabucabu uma igobile, iqhekeze uma sihlezi phezu kwayo. Kuseyingilazi phela. Futhi yingakho kuneqembu elincane labantu eCorning elichitha isikhathi esiningi losuku liyibhidliza.
“Siyibiza ngesando saseNorway,” kusho u-Jaymin Amin njengoba ekhipha isilinda esikhulu sensimbi ebhokisini. Leli thuluzi livame ukusetshenziswa onjiniyela bezindiza ukuze bahlole amandla e-aluminium fuselage yendiza. U-Amin, owengamele ukuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke izinto ezintsha, welula intwasahlobo ngesando futhi akhiphe ama-joules angu-2 agcwele wamandla eshidini lengilazi elincane eliyimilimitha. Amandla anjalo azodala ukugoqa okukhulu okhunini oluqinile, kodwa akukho okuzokwenzeka engilazini.
Impumelelo ye-Gorilla Glass isho izithiyo ezimbalwa ze-Corning. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni wayo, inkampani kufanele ibhekane nesidingo esikhulu kangaka sezinguqulo ezintsha zemikhiqizo yayo: ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ikhipha ingilazi entsha, kuyadingeka ukuthi iqaphe ukuthi iziphatha kanjani ngokuthembekile nokuqina ngqo inkambu. Ukufeza lokho, ithimba lika-Amin liqoqa amakhulukhulu omakhalekhukhwini abaphukile. "Umonakalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi mncane noma mkhulu, cishe njalo uqala endaweni efanayo," kusho usosayensi uKevin Reiman, ekhomba umfantu ongabonakali we-HTC Wildfire, enye yezingcingo ezimbalwa eziphukile etafuleni eliphambi kwakhe. Uma usuthole lokhu kuqhekeka, ungakwazi ukukala ukujula kwakho ukuze uthole umbono wengcindezi ingilazi engaphansi kwayo; uma ungakwazi ukulingisa lokhu kuqhekeka, ungaphenya ukuthi kwanda kanjani kuyo yonke into bese uzama ukukuvimbela ngokuzayo, ngokulungisa ukwakheka noma ukuqinisa amakhemikhali.
Ngalolu lwazi, lonke ithimba lika-Amin lingaphenya ukwehluleka okufanayo kwempahla kaninginingi. Ukwenza lokhu, basebenzisa umshini wokunyathelisa ama-lever, izivivinyo zokuwisa phezu kwegwadle, ukhonkolo netiyela, baphonsa izinto ezihlukahlukene engilazini futhi ngokuvamile basebenzisa uchungechunge lwamathuluzi okuhlukumeza abukeka embonini anezikhali zamathiphu edayimane. Baze babe nekhamera enesivinini esikhulu ekwazi ukuqopha amafreyimu ayisigidi ngomzuzwana, eza kahle ocwaningweni lokugoba ingilazi nokusakazwa kwe-crack.
Kodwa-ke, konke lokho kucekelwa phansi okulawulwayo kunenzuzo enkampanini. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenguqulo yokuqala, i-Gorilla Glass 2 inamandla ngamaphesenti angamashumi amabili (futhi inguqulo yesithathu kufanele ifike emakethe ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo). Ososayensi baseCorning bazuze lokhu ngokucindezela ungqimba olungaphandle lwaze lwafika emkhawulweni - bebengashintshile ngenguqulo yokuqala ye-Gorilla Glass - ngaphandle kokwandisa ingozi yokuqhuma kokuqhuma okuhlobene nalokhu kushintsha. Noma kunjalo, ingilazi iyimpahla entekenteke. Futhi ngenkathi izinto ezi-brittle zimelana nokucindezelwa kahle, zibuthakathaka kakhulu lapho zeluliwe: uma uzigoba, zingaphuka. Ukhiye we-Gorilla Glass ukuminyanisa kwesendlalelo esingaphandle, okuvimbela imifantu ukuthi ingasakazeki kuyo yonke into. Uma uwisa ifoni, isibonisi sayo singahle singaphuki ngokushesha, kodwa ukuwa kungase kubangele umonakalo owanele (ngisho nokuqhekeka okuncane kakhulu kwanele) ukuze kuthikameze amandla wento. Ukuwa okuncane okulandelayo kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Lona omunye wemiphumela engenakugwemeka yokusebenza ngempahla emayelana nokuyekethisa, mayelana nokudala indawo engabonakali ngokuphelele.
Sibuyele efekthri yase-Harrodsburg, lapho owesilisa ogqoke isikibha se-Gorilla Glass esimnyama esebenza neshidi lengilazi elincanyana njengama-microns angu-100 (cishe ubukhulu bephepha le-aluminium). Umshini awusebenzisayo uhambisa izinto ngochungechunge lwamarola, okuphuma kuwo ingilazi igobile njengephepha elikhulu elicwebezelayo elibonisa ngale. Le nto ezacile ngendlela emangalisayo futhi egoqekayo ibizwa ngeWillow. Ngokungafani ne-Gorilla Glass, esebenza kancane njengezikhali, i-Willow ingaqhathaniswa kakhulu nejazi lemvula. Iqinile futhi ilula futhi inamandla amaningi. Abacwaningi e-Corning bakholelwa ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zingathola izinhlelo zokusebenza kumiklamo ye-smartphone eguquguqukayo kanye nezibonisi ze-OLED ezizacile kakhulu. Enye yezinkampani zamandla nayo ingathanda ukubona iWillow isetshenziswa kuma-solar panel. E-Corning, babona ngeso lengqondo ama-e-book anamakhasi engilazi.
Ngolunye usuku, uWillow uzoletha ingilazi engamamitha angu-150 kumareli amakhulu. Okusho ukuthi, uma othile eyiyala ngempela. Okwamanje, amakhoyili ahlezi engenzi lutho efektri yaseHarrodsburgh, elinde ukuthi kuvele inkinga efanele.
isihloko esihle, ngiyabonga!
Isihloko esithakazelisayo :) kodwa ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi ingilazi ye-Gorilla yavela kanjani ku-Steve's :) kwaba kanjani ukuboniswa kwephrojekthi :)... empeleni, ngombono wami kuyoba ngokuphelele ku-1 :)
Isihloko esithakazelisayo :) kodwa ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi ingilazi ye-Gorilla yavela kanjani ku-Steve's :) kwaba kanjani ukuboniswa kwephrojekthi :)... empeleni, ngombono wami kuyoba ngokuphelele ku-1 :)
itholakala encwadini kaSteve Jobs;)
Ngiyabonga :)
Yayinhle! :-)
Yayinhle! :-)
Ngakujabulela kakhulu ukufunda futhi ngafunda okuningi. Ngibonga kakhulu.
Isihloko esihle kakhulu, ngiyabonga ngaso. Indoda yafunda okuthile okuthakazelisayo. Ababhali abavela kuzive.cz kanye ne-spol bangafunda okuthile..
Lena yindlela engicabanga ngayo iseva ye-apula! U-Jablickar uhola :) ngiyabonga
Isihloko esihle kakhulu nge-Jablickari kulo nyaka. Futhi kwi-CV ka-SJ kwakungekho ngisho ingxenye encane yolwazi olunikezwe lapha. Siyabonga!
Linda, ngakho-ke i-iPhone yokuqala isivele isebenzise i-Gorilla, noma yini? Uma kungenjalo, isihloko esihle. :)
Kunjalo. Basuka kupulasitiki baya ku-Gorilla Glass ngomzuzu wokugcina.
Isihloko esihle :D …. Ukhona owaziyo ukuthi une-iphone 5 gorilla glass 2???
Isihloko esihle kakhulu! Siyabonga!
Yilokho kanye engikulindele futhi kungani ngiza lapha. Kaningi, ngicela!
Isihloko esihle! Okunye kwalokhu futhi ngizokushaya phambi komhleli nomhumushi!
Ngincoma ukuthi ngesikhathi lapho noma iyiphi iwebhusayithi yezindaba "ebucayi" ibheka ngokuyinhloko izithombe ezingashicilelwe zika-Kate (ngisho namaseva asekhaya akhohlwe ngo-Iveta Bartošová izinsuku ezimbalwa!), U-Jablíčkář uletha izindatshana ezifundisayo. Siyabonga! :-)
Frodo
Siyabonga ngesihloko esihle, qhubeka kanjalo.
Isihloko esihle! Ngiyifunde endaweni eyodwa :-), njengendaba enkulu yabaseshi (noma inganekwane yesayensi, hehe)
Siyabonga!
Ngiyabonga ngesihloko esihle, ngicabanga ukuthi kufanelekile ukutshala isikhathi sakho ukuze ulale kokuthile okubaluleke kangaka.
isihloko esihle! Siyabonga!
O, manje ngimangele ngokuphelele!
Nakulokhu futhi, othile uzongitshela: "Kuhlala kuyifoni eyisiphukuphuku!".
Ngandlela-thile, kulesi sihloko esibhalwe ngenye indlela kahle kakhulu, ngiphuthelwa isabelo sika-fa Corning sezimpahla zezikhali ze-USAF. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-60, bebehlinzeka ngengilazi yabo epholile engxenyeni ethile engaphambili ye-cockpit yezindiza zempi ukuze bakhulise ukuvikelwa kwabasebenzi bezindiza, isib , futhi uma ngenza iphutha, baqoqe ulwazi oluningi nolwazi lapha mayelana nokuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwalezi zinto. Futhi njengoba kwenzeka, kuthathe iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-50 ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe bufinyelele emkhakheni wezakhamuzi.
Isihloko esihle, qhubeka :-)
Hhayi-ke, indatshana ebhalwe kahle kangaka egxile kubuchwepheshe, ...ngiyabonga.
Jenda Pilsenský
Isihloko sikaNkulunkulu!! I-BTW ingilazi yeWillow iyathakazelisa... Ngithanda ukubona ukuthi iziphatha kanjani lapho izama ukushwabana uma ifana ne-tin foil ;) nokuthi ihamba kanjani uma imelana nokuklwebheka.