Tomas Chlebek Ngenkathi uSteve Jobs ethula ikhompyutha ye-NEXT ngo-1988, wakhuluma ngayo njengengxenye enkulu yesikhathi esizayo yomlando wekhompyutha. Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari walo nyaka, ukuqoshwa kokuqala kwalo mcimbi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwavela ku-inthanethi.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa kwe-The Steve Jobs Movie, eyaqala engxenyeni yokuqala yonyaka odlule, kwakuwukuxhumana nabantu abaningi abahambisana nezici ezihlukahlukene ze-Steve Jobs zangempela kanye ne-Apple ngesikhathi ifilimu yenzeka. Njengoba enye yezingxenye zayo ezintathu yenzeka ngaphambi kokwethulwa komkhiqizo wekhompyutha we-NeXT, inhloso yabasebenzi bekuwukuthola okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngomcimbi.
Ngokungalindelekile, omunye wemiphumela yalo mzamo kwaba ividiyo ethwebula sonke isethulo sikaJobs kanye nemibuzo eyalandela evela kwabezindaba. Le vidiyo ibisemakhasethi e-VHS amabili aneminyaka engu-27 ubudala ephethwe isisebenzi sangaphambili se-NEXT. Ngosizo lwe-RDF Productions kanye ne-SPY Post kanye no-Herb Philpott, u-Todd A. Marks, u-Perry Freeze, u-Keith Ohlfs no-Tom Frikker, yenziwe idijithali futhi yabuyiselwa esimweni esihle kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka.
Njengoba umthombo wawungamakhophi hhayi ukurekhoda kwangempela, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthathwe kwikhasethi okuthile okwakuvele kuqoshiwe, ukusesha kwenguqulo egcinwe kakhulu kusaqhubeka. Lesi samanje, ngenxa yesithombe esimnyama kakhulu, sinikeza kuphela ukubuka okudwetshiwe kwephrezentheshini evezwe esikrinini ngemuva kweMisebenzi. Kodwa mayelana nesethulo ngokwaso ngomzuzwana, ake siqale sikhumbule ukuthi yini eyandulelayo.
OKULANDELAYO njengomphumela (kanye nokuqhubeka?) kokuwa kweMisebenzi
Umbono weMisebenzi wekhompyutha yomuntu siqu, iMacintosh, wenziwa waba ngokoqobo ngo-1983 futhi wethulwa ekuqaleni kuka-1984. USteve Jobs ubelindele ukuthi abe yimpumelelo enkulu futhi athathe isikhundla semali engenayo eyinhloko yakwa-Apple ku-Apple II endala. Kodwa i-Macintosh yayibiza kakhulu, futhi nakuba yazuza abalandeli abazinikele, yalahleka emakethe egcwele amakhophi ashibhile.
Ngenxa yalokho, uJohn Sculley, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyi-CEO ye-Apple, wanquma ukuhlela kabusha inkampani futhi wabeka eceleni uSteve Jobs esikhundleni sakhe samanje njengenhloko yeqembu le-Macintosh. Nakuba amnikeze isikhundla esizwakalayo esithi "inhloko yeqembu lezokuthuthukiswa nelabhorethri yayo", empeleni Imisebenzi yayingeke ibe nethonya ekuphathweni kwenkampani. UJobs wayefuna ukuzama ukuxosha uSculley e-Apple ngesikhathi eseChina ngomsebenzi, kodwa u-Sculley wayihoxisa indiza ngemuva kokuthi uzakwabo emxwayisile etshela umhlangano wesigungu esiphezulu ukuthi uJobs uzokhululeka ebuholini bakhe beqembu leMacintosh noma u-Apple uzokhipha. ukuthola i-CEO entsha.
Kwase kucacile ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi Imisebenzi yayingeke iyinqobe le ngxabano, futhi nakuba ezame izikhathi eziningana ukuguqula isimo sivune yena, wasula ngo-September 1985 futhi wathengisa cishe wonke amasheya akhe akwa-Apple. Nokho, wakwenza lokhu ngemva nje kokunquma ukuqala inkampani entsha.
Wathola umqondo ngakho ngemva kokukhuluma nesazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo eNyuvesi yaseStanford, u-Paul Berg, owachazela Imisebenzi usizi lwezifundiswa lapho zenza ucwaningo olude ezindaweni zokucwaninga. Imisebenzi yamangala ukuthi kungani bengalingisi ukuhlola kumakhompiyutha, lapho uBerg ephendula ngokuthi bazodinga amandla amakhompyutha e-mainframe amalebhu amanyuvesi angeke akwazi ukuwathenga.
Ngakho-ke Imisebenzi yavumelana namalungu amaningana ethimba leMacintosh, ndawonye bonke basula ezikhundleni zabo e-Apple, futhi Imisebenzi yakwazi ukuthola inkampani entsha, ayiqamba ngokuthi i-Next. Watshala izigidi ezingu-7 zamaRandi kuwo futhi wasebenzisa cishe zonke lezi zimali phakathi nonyaka olandelayo, hhayi ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo, kodwa enkampanini ngokwayo.
Okokuqala, wayala ilogo ebizayo kumklami wezithombe odumile uPaul Rand, futhi Okulandelayo kwaba yi-NeXT. Ngemva kwalokho, walungisa izakhiwo zamahhovisi ezazisanda kuthengwa ukuze zibe nezindonga zezingilazi, wagudluza amakheshi futhi esikhundleni sezitebhisi wafaka awengilazi, kamuva nawo abonakala ezitolo zakwa-Apple. Kwathi uma kuqala ukwakhiwa kwekhompuyutha enamandla yamanyuvesi, Imisebenzi yasho ngokungaguquki izidingo ezintsha nezintsha (ezivamise ukuphikisana) okufanele ziphumele endaweni yokusebenzela ethengekayo yamalabhorethri amanyuvesi.
Bekufanele ithathe isimo se-cube emnyama ephelele kanye nemonitha enezindawo eziningi enesibonisi esikhulu nokucaca okuphezulu. Bekungeke kube khona ukube bekungatshalwa imali usozigidigidi uRoss Perot, owathakaselwa yiMisebenzi waphinde wazama ukuvimba elinye ithuba elichithiwe ngokutshala imali. Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, wayenethuba lokuthenga konke noma ingxenye enkulu ye-Microsoft yokuqala, inani layo ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwe-NeXT laliseduze nezigidigidi zamaRandi.
Ekugcineni, ikhompuyutha yadalwa, futhi ngo-Okthoba 12, 1988, uSteve Jobs wathatha isiteji okokuqala kusukela ngo-1984 ukwethula umkhiqizo omusha.
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USteve Jobs usesiteji futhi
Isethulo senzeka e-San Francisco e-Louis M. Davies Grand Concert Hall. Lapho uyiklama, Imisebenzi inake yonke imininingwane ngenhloso yokujabulisa izethameli okwakumelwe ihlanganise izintatheli ezimenyiwe kuphela nabantu abavela emhlabeni wezemfundo namakhompyutha. Imisebenzi ihlanganyele nomklami wezithombe we-NEXT u-Susan Kare ukuze adale izithombe zesethulo - wayemvakashela cishe nsuku zonke amasonto ambalwa, futhi igama ngalinye, wonke umthunzi wombala osetshenzisiwe wawubalulekile kuye. Imisebenzi yazihlolela mathupha uhlu lwezivakashi ngisho nemenyu yesidlo sasemini.
Isethulo esiwumphumela sithatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora amabili futhi sihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, eyokuqala enikelwe ekuchazeni izinhloso zenkampani kanye nekhompyutha ye-NEXT ne-hardware yayo, kanti eyesibili igxile kwisofthiwe. Kuhlokoma umzuliswano wokuqala ngesikhathi uJobs engena esiteji, kulandele owesibili ngemuva kwemizuzwana lapho ethi, “Kumnandi ukubuya.” Imisebenzi iqhubeka ngokushesha ithi ucabanga ukuthi izethameli namuhla zizobona umcimbi owenzeka kanye noma kabili njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, lapho kungena isakhiwo esisha emakethe esizoshintsha ikusasa le-computing. Uthi bebesebenza ngakho kwa-NEXT ngokubambisana namanyuvesi ezweni lonke eminyakeni emithathu edlule, futhi umphumela "muhle ngendlela engakholakali."
Ngaphambi kokuchaza umkhiqizo ngokwawo, Imisebenzi ifinyeza umlando wamakhompyutha futhi iveze imodeli "yamagagasi" ahlala cishe iminyaka eyishumi futhi ahlotshaniswa nesakhiwo sekhompiyutha esifinyelela amandla awo aphezulu kakhulu ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu, ngemva kwalokho akukho software entsha engadalwa ukuze iqhubeke yandise amakhono ayo. Ibonisa amagagasi amathathu, okwesithathu okuyi-Macintosh, eyasungulwa ngo-1984, futhi ngo-1989 singalindela ukugcwaliseka kwamandla ayo.
Inhloso ye-NEXT ukuchaza igagasi lesine, futhi ifuna ukwenza kanjalo ngokwenza kutholakale nokwandisa amakhono "eziteshi zokusebenza." Yize lezi zibonisa amandla obuchwepheshe ngezibonisi ze-"megapixel" kanye nokwenza izinto eziningi, azisebenziseki ngokwanele ukuthi zingasabalalisa futhi zidale lelo gagasi lesine elichaza ikhompuyutha yama-90s.
I-NeXT igxile emfundweni yezemfundo isimo sayo njengokwandisa ulwazi, umsunguli omkhulu wobuchwepheshe nomcabango. Imisebenzi ifunda amazwi acashuniwe athi, "[...] nakuba amakhompiyutha eyingxenye ebalulekile yezemfundo, awakabi yimbangela yoguquko lwemfundo okungenzeka abe yikho." Ikhompyutha ezokwethulwa kulesi sethulo akufanele ikhombise izimfuno zezifundiswa, kodwa amaphupho abo. Hhayi ukukhulisa ukuthi amakhompyutha ayini namuhla, kodwa ukukhombisa lokho okufanele abe yikho ngokuzayo.
Ikhompyutha ye-NeXT ihloselwe ukusebenzisa amandla esistimu ye-Unix ukuze inikeze imisebenzi eminingi egcwele ngokugcwele kanye nokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inikeza indlela "wonke umuntu ofayo" ukusebenzisa lawa makhono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele ibe nephrosesa esheshayo kanye nenani elikhulu lememori yokusebenza neyendawo, ibonise yonke into ngefomethi ye-PostScript ehlanganisiwe esetshenziswa amaphrinta. Kufanele ibe nesibonisi esikhulu "se-pixel esigidi", umsindo omuhle kanye nezakhiwo ezivulekile, ezinwebekayo kuze kufike eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye.
Nakuba izindawo zokusebenzela eziphezulu zanamuhla zizinkulu, zishisa futhi zinomsindo, izifundiswa zizifuna zibe zincane, zipholile futhi zithule. Okokugcina, "sithanda ukuphrinta, ngakho-ke sicela usinikeze ukuphrinta kwe-laser okuthengekayo," kusho izifundiswa. Enye ingxenye yokuqala yokwethulwa kweMisebenzi ichaza ukuthi bathole kanjani imiphumela ehlangabezana nalezi zidingo. Yiqiniso, Imisebenzi ihlale igcizelela ubuhle okwenzeka ngayo lokhu - ngemva kwesigamu sehora ekhuluma, udlala ifilimu yemizuzu eyisithupha ebonisa umugqa wesikhathi esizayo, lapho ibhodi le-motherboard yekhompyutha ye-NeXT iqoqwe ngamarobhothi ngokugcwele. imboni ezenzakalelayo.
Kuthatha imizuzu engamashumi amabili ukwenza eyodwa, futhi umphumela awukona nje ukubekwa kwezingxenye eziminyene ebhodini okwamanje, kodwa "ibhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe elihle kunawo wonke engake ngawabona," kusho uJobs. Indlela azizwa ngayo ngalo mbukiso ibonakala kahle lapho egcina ekhombisa izethameli ikhompyutha yonke enemonitha neprinta - ibimbozwe yisikhafu esimnyama sonke isikhathi phakathi nesiteji.
Ngomzuzu wamashumi amane wokuqopha, u-Jobs uya kuye esuka e-lectern, amhlwithe isikhafu sakhe, avule ikhompuyutha yakhe bese enyamalala ngokushesha ngemuva kwesiteji ukuze bonke abalaleli banake isiteji esiphakathi nendawo phakathi nobumnyama. ihholo. Into ethokozisayo ngevidiyo eshicilelwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuzwa Imisebenzi ngemuva kwezigcawu, ukuthi unxusa kanjani ngokuthuthumela ngamagama athi "woza, woza", enethemba lokuthi ikhompuyutha izoqala ngaphandle kwezinkinga.
Ngokombono wezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, cishe isici esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu (futhi esiyimpikiswano) sekhompuyutha ye-NEXT kwakuwukungabikho kwe-floppy disk drive, eyathathelwa indawo yi-high-capacity but slow optical drive kanye ne-hard disk. Lesi isibonelo sokuzimisela kweMisebenzi ukubheja impumelelo yomkhiqizo ngento entsha ngokuphelele, okuvele ukuthi ayilungile kulokhu ngokuzayo.
Yini ngempela eyathonya ikusasa lamakhompyutha?
Ngokuphambene, isistimu yokusebenza ye-NEXTSTEP egxile entweni eyethulwe engxenyeni yesibili yesethulo kanye nezichazamazwi nezincwadi eziguqulelwe ngempumelelo zibe yifomu le-elekthronikhi okokuqala ngqa ziphenduke isinyathelo esihle kakhulu. Ikhompuyutha ngayinye ELANDELAYO yayihlanganisa uhlelo lwe-Oxford lwemisebenzi ephelele ka-William Shakespeare, i-Merriam-Webster University Dictionary, kanye ne-Oxford Book of quotes. Imisebenzi ikhombisa lokhu ngezibonelo ezimbalwa zokuzenza inhlekisa.
Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ebheka igama esichazamazwini abanye abathi lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza ubuntu bakhe. Ngemva kokufaka igama elithi "mercurial," uqala afunde incazelo yokuqala, "ephathelene noma ezalwa ngaphansi kophawu lweplanethi iMercury," bese ima kwesesithathu, "ebonakala ngokushintshashintsha kwemizwelo okungalindelekile." Izithameli zisabela kuso sonke isiqephu ngokuqhuma kokuhleka, futhi Imisebenzi iphetha ngokufunda incazelo yegama eliphikisayo letemu lokuqala, iSaturnian. Uthi: “imizwa yakhe ibanda futhi ihlala njalo; uphuza ukwenza noma ukushintsha; nesimo sokudangala noma sokucasuka.” “Ngicabanga ukuthi ukuba nemizwa engathandeki akukubi ngempela,” kuphawula uJobs.
Kodwa-ke, ingxenye eyinhloko yengxenye yesofthiwe yesethulo i-NEXTSTEP, isistimu yokusebenza ye-Unix entsha, amandla ayo ayinhloko atholakala ekululameni kwayo hhayi kuphela ekusebenziseni kwayo, kodwa ikakhulukazi ekuklameni isofthiwe. Indawo eyisithombe yezinhlelo zekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu, nakuba ilungele ukusetshenziswa, iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuyiklama.
Ngakho uhlelo lwe-NEXTSTEP luhlanganisa "I-Interface Builder", ithuluzi lokudala isimo somsebenzisi wohlelo. Isebenzisa ngokugcwele imvelo yento yesistimu yokusebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma udala uhlelo lokusebenza, akudingekile ukubhala umugqa owodwa wekhodi - vele uchofoze igundane ukuze uhlanganise izinto (izinkambu zombhalo, izakhi zesithombe). Ngale ndlela, izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zobudlelwano kanye nohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lungadalwa. Imisebenzi ibonisa "I-Interface Builder" esibonelweni esilula sohlelo olusetshenziselwa ukulingisa ukunyakaza kwe-molecule yegesi evalwe kusilinda esihle kakhulu. Kamuva, isazi se-physics uRichard E. Crandall simenywe esiteji, esibonisa imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi evela emikhakheni ye-physics kanye ne-chemistry.
Okokugcina, Imisebenzi yethula amandla omsindo ekhompuyutha, ikhombisa izethameli imisindo nemiculo ehambisana nekusasa ekhiqizwe amamodeli ezibalo ngokuphelele.
Ingxenye encane ekhuthazayo yesethulo iza kungekudala ngaphambi kokuphela kwayo, lapho Imisebenzi imemezela izintengo zekhompuyutha ye-NeXT. Ikhompyutha enemonitha izobiza u-$6,5, iphrinta u-$2,5, kanye no-$2 we-hard drive ngo-330MB kanye no-$4 ngo-660MB. Nakuba Imisebenzi igcizelela ukuthi inani lakho konke akunikezayo liphakeme kakhulu, kodwa uma kubhekwa ukuthi amanyuvesi abecela ikhompiyutha ngamadola ayizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, amazwi akhe awaqinisekisi abaningi, ukusho okuncane. Futhi izindaba ezimbi isikhathi sokwethulwa kwekhompyutha, okungalindelekile ukuthi kwenzeke kuze kube ngesinye isikhathi engxenyeni yesibili ka-1989.
Noma kunjalo, isethulo siphetha ngenothi elihle kakhulu, njengoba umdlali wevayolini ovela ku-San Francisco Symphony emenywa esiteji ukuze adlale i-Bach's Concerto ku-A minor ku-duet enekhompyutha ethi NEXT.
OKULANDELAYO ukhohliwe futhi ukhunjulwe
Umlando olandelayo wekhompyutha ye-NEXT muhle mayelana nokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe bayo, kodwa ngeshwa mayelana nempumelelo yemakethe. Kakade emibuzweni yabezindaba ngemva kokwethulwa, Imisebenzi kufanele iqinisekise izintatheli ukuthi i-optical drive inokwethenjelwa futhi iyashesha ngokwanele ukuthi ikhompuyutha isazoba ngaphambi kakhulu komncintiswano uma kuziwa ekumaketheni cishe isikhathi esingangonyaka, futhi iphendule imibuzo ephindaphindiwe mayelana nokukwazi ukuyikhokhela.
Ikhompiyutha yaqala ukufinyelela emanyuvesi maphakathi no-1989 ngenguqulo esaqhubeka yesilingo yesistimu yokusebenza, futhi yangena emakethe yamahhala ngonyaka olandelayo ngentengo engu-$9. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela ukuthi idrayivu ye-optical yayingenamandla ngokwanele ukuze iqhube ikhompiyutha ngokushelelayo nangokwethembeka, futhi i-hard drive, okungenani i-$ 999 yezinkulungwane, yayiyisidingo kunokuba inketho. I-NeXT ikwazile ukukhiqiza amayunithi ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ngenyanga, kodwa ukuthengiswa kwagcina kukhuphuke ngamayunithi angamakhulu amane ngenyanga.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, izinguqulo ezithuthukisiwe nezinwetshiwe zekhompuyutha ye-NEXT ebizwa ngokuthi i-NeXTcube kanye ne-NEXTstation yethulwa, ihlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphezulu. Kodwa amakhompyutha e-NeXT awazange aqale. Ngo-1993, lapho inkampani iyeka ukwenza ihadiwe, kwase kudayiswe izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu kuphela. I-NeXT iqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi i-NeXT Software Inc. futhi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva yathengwa i-Apple ngenxa yempumelelo yayo yokuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe.
Noma kunjalo, i-NeXT ibe yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yomlando wekhompyutha. Ngo-1990, u-Tim Berners-Lee (okufanekiselwe ngezansi), usosayensi wekhompiyutha, wasebenzisa ikhompuyutha yakhe kanye nesofthiwe lapho edala i-World Wide Web e-CERN, okungukuthi uhlelo lwe-hypertext lokubuka, ukugcina nokubhekisela kumadokhumenti ku-intanethi. Ngo-1993, uSteve Jobs waboniswa umanduleli we-App Store, ukusatshalaliswa kwesofthiwe yedijithali ebizwa ngokuthi i-Electronic AppWrapper, okokuqala ngqa kukhompyutha ye-NeXT.
