UJiří Filip Uma ungathanda ukutshala imali, ungase ujabulele ingxoxo yethu entsha no-Tomáš Vranka, Umphathi We-akhawunti Enkulu kwa-XTB. Sikufisela ukufunda okujabulisayo.
Ucabanga ukuthi namuhla yisikhathi esihle sokutshala imali?
Yebo, isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokuqala ukutshala izimali njalo, noma basho kanjalo. Yiqiniso, uma umuntu ekwazi ukubona kusengaphambili, umuntu wayengabeka isikhathi sakhe sokuqala kahle. Empeleni, kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu aqale ukutshala imali futhi ahlangabezane nokulungiswa, isibonelo, u-20% phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala. Kodwa-ke, uma sicabanga ukuthi asikwazi ukubikezela ukunyakaza kwezimakethe kusenesikhathi, nokuthi izimakethe zamasheya zikhula cishe ngo-80-85% wesikhathi, khona-ke ukungatshali imali nokulinda kungaba ubuwula impela. UPeter Lynch unokucaphuna okuhle kulesi sisho sokuthi abantu balahlekelwe yimali eningi kakhulu belinde ukulungiswa noma ukucwiliswa kunesikhathi sokulungiswa ngokwabo. Ngakho-ke, ngokubona kwami, isikhathi esikahle sokuqala yinoma nini ngempela, futhi isimo sanamuhla sisinika ithuba elingcono nakakhulu ngoba izimakethe zehle cishe ngo-20% kusukela ekuphakameni kwazo. Ngakho-ke sisengakwazi ukusebenza neqiniso lokuthi izimakethe zikhula ngobuningi bamacala, ake sithi ama-80%, futhi isikhundla sokuqala samanje sinenzuzo ngoba sinezinyanga ezimbalwa ku-20% esele. Uma othile ethanda izinombolo nezibalo, cishe usevele uyaqonda ukuthi lokhu kubanikeza inzuzo ehloniphekile yezibalo endaweni yokuqala yamanje.
Noma kunjalo, ngingathanda ukubheka ukwakheka kwemakethe yesikhathi eside ngenye indlela. Imakethe yamasheya yase-US inomlando ohambisanayo weminyaka engaphezu kwe-100. Ukube bekufanele ngifingqe ukusebenza kwakhe ngezinombolo ezintathu, bekungaba ngu-8, 2, no-90. Isilinganiso sembuyiselo yonyaka ye-S&P 500 besicishe sibe ngu-8% ngonyaka esikhathini eside, okusho ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kuphinda kabili njalo Iminyaka engu-10. Ngombono wokutshala imali weminyaka eyi-10, umlando uphinde ubonise ukuthi umtshali-zimali unamathuba angama-90% okwenza inzuzo. Ngakho-ke uma siphinda sibheka konke lokhu ngezinombolo, unyaka ngamunye wokulinda kungadla umtshali-zimali imali eningi uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ngakho uma othile eqala ukutshala imali, yiziphi izindlela ezivame kakhulu?
Empeleni, ngingafingqa izinketho zanamuhla zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko. Iqembu lokuqala ngabantu abatshala imali ngebhange, okuseyindlela ethandwa kakhulu yokutshala imali eSlovakia naseCzech Republic. Kodwa-ke, amabhange anemikhawulo eminingi, izimo, izikhathi zezaziso, izimali ezikhokhwayo eziphezulu, kanye nezimali ezingaphezu kuka-95% ezilawulwa ngokukhuthala zingasebenzi kahle emakethe yamasheya iyonke. Ngakho-ke uma utshala imali ngebhange, uthola imbuyiselo ephansi engu-95% uma utshala ngokwehlukana, isibonelo nge-ETF.
Enye inketho ethandwayo abaphathi be-ETF abahlukahlukene. Bahlela ukuthi uthenge i-ETF, ngokubona kwami iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokutshala imali yesikhathi eside kubantu abaningi, kodwa bakwenza ngezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu, njengo-1-1,5% ngonyaka yenani lokutshalwa kwezimali. Namuhla, umtshali-zimali angakwazi ukuthenga ama-ETF ngokwakhe ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, ngakho kimi lo mxhumanisi osesimweni somlawuli akadingeki ngokuphelele. Futhi lokho kungiletha enketho yesithathu, etshala imali ngomthengisi. Iningi lamakhasimende ethu afuna ukutshala imali isikhathi eside asebenzisa ama-ETF kuphela ezinkombeni ezinkulu zesitoko. Ngakho-ke bamisa i-oda lokuma nebhange labo, futhi lapho imali ingena ku-akhawunti yabo yokutshala izimali, bathatha iselula yabo, bavule isiteji, bathenge i-ETF (yonke le nqubo ithatha cishe imizuzwana engu-15), futhi futhi, abakwenzi. kufanele wenze noma yini inyanga. Ngakho-ke uma umuntu eseyazi ukuthi yini ayifunayo nokuthi ufuna isikhathi eside kangakanani, noma iyiphi enye inketho ngaphandle kwalokhu ayinangqondo kimi. Ngale ndlela, nguwe olawula ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakho, unokubukezwa kwakamuva kwakho, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, wonga imali eningi ezinkokhelweni kubaxhumanisi abahlukahlukene. Uma sibheka umkhathizwe weminyaka eminingana kuya emashumini eminyaka, ukonga ezinkokhelweni kungaba amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemiqhele.
Idlanzana lalabo abasacabanga ngokutshala izimali libhekana nokudla isikhathi sokuphatha izimali zabo. Liyini iqiniso?
Yebo, lokho kuncike endleleni umuntu abhekana ngayo nakho. Ngokwami, ngicabanga ukuhlukaniswa okuyisisekelo kwabatshalizimali ku-XTB ngamaqembu amabili. Iqembu lokuqala lifuna ukukhetha nokuthenga isitoko ngasinye. Lokhu kudla isikhathi impela. Ngicabanga ngokweqiniso ukuthi uma umuntu efuna ngempela ukwazi ukuthi wenzani, kusho ukuthi cishe amahora angamakhulu okufunda, ngoba ukuhlaziya izinkampani ngazinye kudla isikhathi ngempela. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele ngisho ukuthi abantu abaningi, kuhlanganise nami, abangena kulesi situdiyo bayakujabulela, futhi kuwumsebenzi ojabulisayo.
Kodwa-ke kukhona iqembu lesibili labantu abafuna isilinganiso esihle kakhulu phakathi kwesikhathi, ukubuya okungenzeka kanye nobungozi. Ama-ETF wenkomba angcono kakhulu kuleli qembu. Lawa obhasikidi bezitoko lapho iningi labo unamasheya ezinkampani ezingamakhulu kuya ngokuthi zikhulu kangakanani. Inkomba iyazilawula, ngakho-ke uma inkampani ingenzi kahle, izophuma ohlwini, uma inkampani yenza kahle, isisindo sayo sizokhula ku-index, ngakho-ke iyindlela yokuzilawula ngokwayo ekhetha ngokuyisisekelo. amasheya kanye nesilinganiso sazo kuphothifoliyo yakho. Ngokwami, ngibheka ama-ETF njengethuluzi elifanele abantu abaningi ngenxa yemvelo yabo yokonga isikhathi. Nalapha, futhi, ngiyalokotha ukusho ukuthi amahora ambalwa anele ngempela ekuqondeni okuyisisekelo, lapho kwanele ukuthi umuntu aqonde ukuthi ama-ETF asebenza kanjani, ukuthi aquketheni, hlobo luni lokwazisa umuntu angalulindela cishe futhi kanjani. zithenge.
Noma ubani ofuna ukufunda indlela yokutshala imali ngokukhuthele kufanele aqale?
Kuningi ku-inthanethi namuhla, kodwa abagqugquzeli abaningi abahlukahlukene bakhanga imizwelo engokwemvelo yabantu futhi bahehe izinzuzo ezinkulu. Njengoba sibonisile ngenhla, isilinganiso somlando sembuyiselo sicishe sibe ngu-8% ngonyaka futhi izimali eziningi noma abantu abasifinyeleli ngisho nalesi sibalo. Ngakho-ke uma othile ekunikeza ngokuphawulekayo okwengeziwe, cishe uqamba amanga noma ulinganisela ngokweqile ulwazi namakhono akhe. Bambalwa kakhulu abatshalizimali emhlabeni abenza kahle kakhulu kunemakethe yamasheya iyonke esikhathini eside.
Ukutshala imali kufanele kukhulunywe ngakho ngokuzibophezela, ngamahora ambalwa noma inqwaba yamahora okufunda kanye nokulindelwe okungokoqobo. Ngakho ngokobuchwepheshe kulula ngempela ukuqalisa, vele ubhalise i-akhawunti nomthengisi, uthumele imali futhi uthenge amasheya noma ama-ETF. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi uhlangothi lwezinto ezingokwengqondo - ukuzimisela ukuqala, ukuzimisela ukutadisha, ukuthola izinsiza, njll.
Ngalesi sizathu, sikulungiselele izifundo ze-ETF kanye namasheya, lapho sihlanganise khona okuyisisekelo emahoreni angu-4 wamavidiyo okumele siphume kuwo. Kumavidiyo ayisishiyagalombili cishe anesigamu sehora, sizobheka yonke into kusukela kokuyisisekelo, siqhathanisa ubuhle nobubi besitoko kanye nama-ETF, izinkomba zezimali, izinsiza ezifakazelwe engizisebenzisayo mathupha.
Ngiyazi ukuthi abantu abafuni njalo ukuqala izinto ezintsha uma becabanga ukuthi ungakanani umsebenzi ophezu kwakho. Uma ngikhuluma nabangani nomndeni ngalesi sihloko, vele siyavela, futhi uma benza ingxabano yokuthi bafuna ukutshala imali kodwa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngithanda ukubatshela okulandelayo. Ukutshala imali kanye nenani lemali ogcina usunayo ingeyabantu abaningi kungaba into enkulu empilweni yabo noma okwesibili ekuthengeni ikhaya labo. Nokho, ngesizathu esithile esiyinqaba, abantu abazimisele ukunikela ngamahora ambalwa okutadisha kokuthile okuzobaletha ezigidini ezimbalwa zemiqhele esikhathini esizayo; uma umkhathizwe kude ngokwanele futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuphakeme (isibonelo, i-CZK 10 ngenyanga iminyaka engu-000), singafinyelela izigidi eziphezulu zama-kournas. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isibonelo, lapho ekhetha imoto, okuyinto ngempela oda of ukutshalwa kwezimali ephansi, abanayo inkinga ukuchitha inqwaba amahora ukucwaninga, ukuqasha consultant ahlukahlukene, njll Ngakho-ke, ungabheki izinqamuleli, ungabi wesaba ukuqala futhi ulungiselele iqiniso lokuthi usuzoxazulula ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kakhulu kwempilo yakho, ngakho-ke, kufanele usondele kukho ngokuzibophezela.
Yiziphi izingozi abaqalayo abazithatha kancane?
Sengizichazile ezinye zazo ngenhla. Ngokuyinhloko kumayelana nokuthola isinqamuleli somphumela oyifunayo. Njengoba uWarren Buffett esho lapho umsunguli we-Amazon uJeff Bezos embuza ukuthi kungani abantu bengamane bamkopishe, kuyilapho isu lakhe ngokuyisisekelo lilula, abantu abaningi abafuni ukuceba kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngingaphinde ngiqaphe kakhulu ukuthi ngingahehwa abanye "ochwepheshe" be-inthanethi abathembisa ukwazisa okukhulu, noma ukuthatheka isixuku esiqala ngokungenangqondo ukuthenga amasheya ahlukahlukene ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe. Ukutshala imali kulula kakhulu ngezinketho zanamuhla ze-ETF, kodwa udinga ukuqala ngezinto eziyisisekelo futhi uqonde.
Ingabe akhona amazwi okugcina ezeluleko kubatshalizimali?
Asikho isidingo sokwesaba ukutshala imali. Lapha kuseyi "exotic", kodwa kwezomnotho esethuthukile kakade ingxenye evamile yokuphila kwabantu abaningi. Siyathanda ukuziqhathanisa neNtshonalanga, futhi esinye sezizathu ezenza abantu baphile kangcono kukhona indlela enomthwalo wemfanelo nesebenzayo yemali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ngempela ukuqala ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi ungesabi ukuthi kuzodingeka unikele amahora ambalwa ngakho. Ngakho-ke, ungalingwa ngumbono wemali esheshayo, ukutshala imali akuyona i-sprint, kodwa i-marathon. Kunamathuba emakethe, kufanele nje ufunde ngesineke futhi uthathe izinyathelo ezincane njalo nangesikhathi eside.
