Adam Kos Ngokuvamile, sijwayele ukuthi into enkulu, ingcono kakhulu. Kodwa lesi silinganiso asisebenzi esimweni sobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amaphrosesa nama-chips, ngoba lapha kuphambene ncamashi. Ngisho noma, mayelana nokusebenza, singakwazi okungenani ukuchezuka kancane kwinombolo ye-nanometer, kuseyindaba yokumaketha ngokuyinhloko.
Isifinyezo esithi "nm" lapha simele i-nanometer futhi siyiyunithi yobude eyibhiliyoni elingu-1 lemitha futhi isetshenziselwa ukuveza ubukhulu esikalini se-athomu - isibonelo, ibanga phakathi kwama-athomu ezintweni eziqinile. Kumagama obuchwepheshe, nokho, imvamisa ibhekisa "ku-process node". Isetshenziselwa ukukala ibanga phakathi kwama-transistors aseduze ekwakhiweni kwamaphrosesa kanye nokukala usayizi wangempela walawa ma-transistors. Izinkampani eziningi ze-chipset ezifana ne-TSMC, Samsung, Intel, njll. zisebenzisa amayunithi e-nanometer ezinqubweni zabo zokukhiqiza. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi mangaki ama-transistor angaphakathi kwephrosesa.
Kungaba njalo okuthakaselayo
Kungani i-nm encane ingcono
Amaprosesa aqukethe izigidigidi zama-transistors futhi ahlala ku-chip eyodwa. Ibanga eliphakathi kwama-transistors lincane (elivezwe nge-nm), yilapho lingangena khona endaweni ethile. Ngenxa yalokho, ibanga ama-electron alihambayo ukuze enze umsebenzi liyafinyezwa. Lokhu kubangela ukusebenza kwekhompuyutha ngokushesha, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncane, ukushisisa okuncane kanye nosayizi omncane we-matrix ngokwayo, okugcina kunciphisa izindleko ngendlela exakayo.
Igalari yezithombe
Nokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ayikho indinganiso yendawo yonke yanoma yikuphi ukubalwa kwevelu ye-nanometer. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi abahlukene beprosesa nabo babala ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kusho ukuthi i-10nm ye-TSMC ayilingani ne-Intel's 10nm kanye ne-Samsung's 10nm. Ngaleso sizathu, ukunquma inombolo ye-nm ngokwezinga elithile inombolo nje yokumaketha.
Okwamanje kanye nekusasa
I-Apple isebenzisa i-chip ye-A13 Bionic ochungechungeni lwayo lwe-iPhone 3, isizukulwane se-iPhone SE 6rd kodwa futhi nesizukulwane se-iPad mini 15th, esenziwe ngenqubo engu-5nm, njenge-Google Tensor esetshenziswe kuPixel 6. Izimbangi zabo eziqondile yi-Qualcomm's Snapdragon. 8 Gen 1 , ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-4nm, bese kuba khona i-Exynos 2200 yakwaSamsung, nayo eyi-4nm. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi, ngaphandle kwenombolo ye-nanometer, kunezinye izici ezithinta ukusebenza kwedivayisi, njengenani lememori ye-RAM, iyunithi yehluzo esetshenzisiwe, isivinini sokugcina, njll.
Kulindeleke ukuthi i-A16 Bionic yalo nyaka, ezoba inhliziyo ye-iPhone 14, nayo yenziwe kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-4nm. Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezentengiselwano kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-3nm akufanele kuqale kuze kube ekwindla yalo nyaka noma ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo. Ngokunengqondo, inqubo ye-2nm izobe ilandela, okuyinto i-IBM isivele yamemezela, ngokusho ukuthi inikeza ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-45% kanye no-75% ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kunomklamo we-7nm. Kodwa isimemezelo asisho ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
Kungaba njalo okuthakaselayo
Okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwe-chip kungase kube ama-photonics, lapho esikhundleni sama-electron ahamba emigwaqweni ye-silicon, amaphakethe amancane okukhanya (ama-photons) azohamba, akhulise isivinini futhi, ngokuqinisekile, alawule ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Kodwa okwamanje umculo nje wakusasa. Phela, namuhla abakhiqizi ngokwabo bavame ukuhlomisa amadivaysi abo ngamaphrosesa anamandla kangangokuthi abakwazi ngisho nokusebenzisa amandla abo aphelele futhi ngezinga elithile baphinde balawule ukusebenza kwabo ngamasu ahlukahlukene e-software.
