U-Vratislav Holub Umhlaba wezobuchwepheshe njengamanje ubhekene nenkinga enkulu ngendlela yokushoda kwama-chips. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkinga inkulu kangangokuthi iphinde ithinte imboni yezimoto, ngenxa yokuthi izinkampani zezimoto azikwazi ukukhiqiza izimoto ezanele. Isibonelo, ngisho ne-Škoda yasekhaya inezimoto eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ezindaweni zokupaka ezisalinde ukuqedwa kwazo - azinawo ama-chips ayisisekelo. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe-iPhone 13 yakamuva, kuphakama umbuzo othokozisayo. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi amafoni ama-apula amasha ajwayele ukudayiswa ngokusemandleni akho, kuyilapho kufanele ulinde unyaka wonke ukuze uthole imoto entsha?
I-iPhone 13 (Pro) entsha inikwa amandla yi-Apple A15 Bionic chip enamandla:
Igalari yezithombe
Ubhubhane kanye nokugcizelelwa kwe-electronics
Uma ungomunye wabafundi bethu abavamile, awuzange uphuthelwe isihloko esithethelela inkinga yamanje yama-chip. Izinkinga ezinkulu zaqala kanye nokufika kobhubhane lwe-covid-19, kunoma yikuphi, kube nezinkinga ezithile emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ama-chip (noma we-semiconductor) kudala ngaphambi kwalokho. Ngisho nangaphambi kokugqashuka kwalolu bhubhane, abezindaba baveze ukushoda kwabo okungenzeka.
Kungaba njalo okuthakaselayo
Kepha i-covid-19 inamuphi umphumela ekuntulekeni kwama-chips? Ngombono wokunciphisa ubungozi bokutheleleka, izinkampani ziye zathuthela endaweni ebizwa ngehhovisi lasekhaya futhi abafundi bafunda kude. Ngakho-ke ingxenye enkulu yezisebenzi nabafundi babesebenza besuka ezindlini zabo, okuqondakalayo ukuthi babedinga imishini esezingeni eliphezulu. Ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi isidingo samakhompiyutha, amaphilisi, amakhamera wewebhu nezinye izinto zikagesi zabathengi senyuke phakathi naleso sikhathi.
Izinkinga embonini yezimoto
Ekuqaleni kwalolu bhubhane, wonke umuntu bekufanele aqaphele uma kukhulunywa ngezezimali. Ezinye izinkampani bezidiliza abasebenzi kanti bekungacaci kahle ukuthi lo muntu okukhulunywa ngaye uzogcina engawutholi yini umsebenzi. Yingakho kulindeleke ukwehla kwesidingo emakethe yezimoto, lapho abakhiqizi be-chip basabela khona futhi baqala ukuqondisa ukukhiqizwa kwabo ku-electronics yabathengi, okwakudingeka kakhulu. Impela lokhu kungaphendula umbuzo wokuthi kungani ifoni yakamuva yama-apula isitholakala, ngisho nasezinguqulweni ezine, kuyilapho kusamele ulinde ezinye izinhlobo zezimoto.
Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu, kunenkinga eyodwa futhi enkulu kakhulu. Yize ubhubhane lubonakala luyimbangela yalesi simo sonke, kusekude ukuphela endabeni yesidingo esiphansi esilindelwe. Abakhiqizi bezimoto baphelelwa ama-chips ajwayelekile abangakwazi ukuqedela izimoto zabo ngaphandle kwawo. Lawa ama-semiconductors ngengxenye yenani layo yonke imoto. Kodwa-ke, ngokunengqondo, ngaphandle kwabo, imodeli enikeziwe ayikwazi ukuthengiswa njengephelele. Imvamisa, lawa ama-chips angakudala alawula ukusebenza kwamabhuleki, ama-airbag noma ukuvula/ukuvala amafasitela nje.
I-Intel isindisa imakethe yezimoto! Noma akunjalo?
U-Pat Gelsinger, oyi-CEO ye-Intel, udlulele phambili njengomuntu ozibiza ngomsindisi. Ngesikhathi evakashele eGermany, uthe uzophakela iVolkswagen Group ama-chips amaningi ngokuthanda kwabo. Inkinga, nokho, ukuthi wayeqonde ama-chips asuselwa kunqubo yokukhiqiza ye-16nm. Yize leli nani lingabonakala lidala kubalandeli be-Apple, njengoba i-iPhone 13 eshiwo ngenhla inikwa amandla yi-A15 Bionic chip enenqubo yokukhiqiza engu-5nm, okuphambene kuyiqiniso. Ngisho nanamuhla, izinkampani zezimoto zithembele ngisho nakuma-chips amadala anenqubo yokukhiqiza phakathi kuka-45 nm no-90 nm, okuyisikhubekiso sangempela.
Leli qiniso futhi linezizathu ezilula. Izinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi ezimotweni zivame ukuba bucayi ngakho-ke kufanele zisebenze ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene. Yingakho nje abakhiqizi besathembele kubuchwepheshe obudala, kodwa obufakazelwe iminyaka, okungekho inkinga yokusebenza ngokuphepha kungakhathaliseki izinga lokushisa lamanje, umswakama, ukudlidliza noma ukungalingani emgwaqeni. Kodwa-ke, abakhiqizi be-chip abakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-chips afanayo ngesilinganiso esikhulu, njengoba sekuyisikhathi eside bathuthela endaweni ehluke ngokuphelele futhi abanawo amandla okukhiqiza okuthile okufanayo. Ngakho-ke kungaba kuhle kakhulu embonini yezimoto uma lezi ziqhwaga zobuchwepheshe zitshale imali kula makhono ashiwo futhi ziqala ukukhiqiza nama-chips amadala kakhulu.
Kungani ungakhi izimboni ngamashiphu amadala?
Ngeshwa, lokhu akunangqondo kubakhiqizi be-semiconductor ngokwabo, lokhu kuzoba ukutshalwa kwezimali okunamafutha, lapho bezophinde bahlehle khona ngemva kwesikhashana, njengoba imboni yezimoto nayo iqhubekela phambili, nakuba ihamba kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilungu lebhodi labaqondisi beVolkswagen Group lathi ngenxa yama-chips angu-50-cent (CZK 11), abakwazi ukuthengisa izimoto ezibiza amaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezingu-50 (CZK 1,1 million). Izinkampani ezihamba phambili ezivikela ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor, njenge-TSMC, Intel, ne-Qualcomm, sitshale izigidigidi zamaRandi eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bazo futhi ziye zaqhubekela phambili ngejubane le-rocket. Yingakho nje sinama-smartphone namakhompyutha anamandla namuhla. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kushintsha kuthinta kabi imboni yezimoto, esikhundleni sama-chips "angenamsebenzi" ewadingayo emikhiqizweni yawo, inokufinyelela kuphela kwesimanje.
Kungaba njalo okuthakaselayo
Adam Kos Ngakho-ke ngehaba elincane, kungathiwa abakhiqizi bezimoto badinga i-chip ye-iPhone 2G, kodwa bangathola kuphela amandla e-iPhone 13 Pro. Zombili izigaba kuzodingeka zithole ulimi oluvamile, noma izinkampani zezimoto zizoqala ukuvikela ukukhiqizwa kwama-chip ngokwazo. Ukuthi isimo sizoqhubeka kanjani nokuthuthuka akucaci kahle. Okuwukuphela kwento eqinisekile ukuthi kuzothatha iminyaka eminingana ukubuyela kwesijwayelekile.
Ngeshwa, nginolwazi oluhluke ngokuphelele oluvela ku-Skoda nama-VW chips, akuwona amasha noma amadala.... Umbuzo uthi kungani? Kungcono kakhulu ukuvumela ikhasimende lilinde futhi lixoxisane ngentengo.
Unokufinyelela okuqondile kumathiyori wozungu, siyakuhalalisela. Ibhizinisi alisebenzi ngendlela yokuthi ubeke izingcezu ezimbalwa, ukhuphule intengo futhi uphule ukukhiqizwa.
Abakhiqizi bezimoto ngokwabo ngandlela thize banecala kulokhu. Ngiyaqonda ukuthi besincane isidingo sezimoto isikhashana, kodwa angiqondi ukuthi abanaye umuntu ongabheka ikusasa kancane amtshele ukuthi uma ukhansela lawo ma-oda, omunye uzogxuma. kuzobe sekudingeka balinde noma esimweni esibi kakhulu, abasakwazi nokufika kubo, ngoba amathuba awapheli.
Ingabe ukhona ovela esitolo sendawo se-Apple okhumbula izinsuku zokuqala ze-iPhone? Ngiyavuma. Futhi yayingekho i-iPhone 2G, i-iPhone kuphela. I-Apple ayizange iyiqambe ngokuthi yi-iPhone 2G. I-iPhone 3G yayinegama elifanayo.
Uqinisile, Sihlalo. Yayingekho i-iPhone 2G.
Uma ngiyithatha, ngine-chip ku-iPhone ekhiqizwe inqubo ye-5nm supermodern, kodwa ukube bekungeyona i-TSMC, i-Apple ngokwayo ibingeke yenze i-fart. I-Intel isebenzisa inqubo ye-16nm kodwa inenzuzo yokuthi iklama futhi ikhiqize i-chip ngokwayo.
Kukhona yini kinina abagxeki angasiza izinkampani zezimoto emhlabeni wonke ukuthi zidizayine kabusha isofthiwe yazo, amabhodi azo omama nazo zonke izingxenye ezixhunyiwe ezizisebenzisayo ezimotweni zamaphrosesa amasha. Okwamaphrosesa amasha, angahloliwe. Bese uthenga imoto engenalo i-chip elunywayo. Bese ucabangela elinye iqiniso futhi. Kungani wonke ama-ATM efakwe ama-processor amadala futhi esebenzisa i-Windows ce njenge-software? Kungani mhlawumbe? Kungani kuphumelela kakhulu ukushaya umuntu ekhanda ngesitini kunokumqeda nge-nuke?
Cishe uzophinde ube neprosesa ehloliwe 😂😂😂
I-trepanice emangalisayo ne-tliachanice ifanele ubhiya abangu-10. Phela, anginalo nhlobo ulwazi mayelana nokuthi izimoto zama-chips noma ama-ATM azisebenzisayo. Kepha nangalawo ma-ATM, ngingabaza ukuthi ahlobene nobuchwepheshe be-nm. Kodwa ngenxa yokuklama nobuchwepheshe bama-chips, ngeshwa i-Windows XP, engicabanga ukuthi uyayisebenzisa, noma i-Android ayikwazi ukusebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamaphrosesa. Uma wazi ukuthi kungani, kuhle, uma kungenjalo, inkinga yakho... Ngakho-ke uma ngingenza izinhlelo ezintsha zokulawula zesimanje ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo, kungaba emigqeni yokukhiqiza noma ubuchwepheshe bezimboni, zisebenza ngokunganqamuki. Ubuchwepheshe be-16nm akusona nakancane isithiyo sokusebenzisa izimoto, futhi izaba ezinjengokuthi "azihloliwe" ziyiqiniso, kodwa abakhiqizi bezimoto kufanele basolwe, ungangitsheli ukuthi ukuphathwa kwe-battery thermal, noma ukuphathwa kwamandla enjini, noma ukuzulazula, noma amabhrendi aqaphela izimpawu zethrafikhi acutshungulwa iphrosesa elingana nepotimende?! Futhi lapho imoto ipakwe ebusika noma isimo sezulu esifudumele, iprosesa isasebenza ebangeni lokushisa -20 +50 okungenani.